Factors of Absenteeism and Impacts on Organizations

Factors of Absenteeism and Impacts on Organizations It create a big problem in an organisation when employees misses too many days off from work and in these situations other employees have to cover their work who are off from work and the work simply does not get gone in a well manner. The company must find out that the absence is involuntarily or voluntarily because involuntarily means any kind of illness or any unavoidable reason by which the employee is unable to come on work. Voluntarily means when an employee is absent from work without any reason manager need to worry about this kind of absence of employee need to get any documentation. Some time the absence may be excessive in this case manager should compare the employees attendance record with the other employees if the record of one employee is bad then the other means he was too many days off from work then it may be excessive absenteeism. So the manager should discuss all the matter to the employees very friendly to improve the performance of the company the employees must aware of this thing that their absence is affecting others. Manager should give a written notice to the employee who is absent too many days from the work to warn him/her Basically absenteeism occurs when an employee of any organisation does not come to work due to several intentional or unintentional reasons like illness, injury, or any other habitual reason. Absenteeism affects the business in the terms of lost productivity. According to U.S. bureau of the census and U.S. bureau of labour statistic up the direct losses about $40 billion a year and social security administration determined that, annually workers missed more then half a billion days. http://www.enotes.com/biz-encyclopedia/absenteeism Types of absence There are many reasons why people off from work. Some those can be categorised as: Short-range sickness absence (uncertificated, self-certificated, or covered by a doctors fit note which replaced the sick note from April 2010) Long-standing sickness absence Unofficial absence or persistent lateness Other absences:  for example,  annual leave; maternity, paternity, adoption, or parental leave; time off for public or trade union duties, or to care for dependents; compassionate leave; educational leave. How much does absenteeism cost your business? The workers which are absent from the work cost the business a lot and decrease the revenue of the business Especially unplanned absence from work cost a lots to business like casual sickness of employee casual absence can affect per day productivity of business. This is a common problem of organisations in every organisation employees have 5.4 unplanned absence in 1 day. According to Mercer,  Absences, the total cost of absence can equal as much as 36% of payroll (compared to 15.4% for health care coverage). Of that figure, 9% accounts for unplanned absences. Planned absences, like vacations and holidays, average 26.6%. For a midsize business, this unplanned absence can account for as much as $4.5 million dollars per year. (http://www.super-solutions.com/CostofAbsenteeism.asp) Employer of the business must look upon the direct and indirect expenses incurred by the employee absent from work. Direct cost are the cost which are normally paid to the employee as a benefit during the absence form work it include sick absence, paid holidays or vocations. But the real impact of the absence of employee comes in the form of indirect cost which are represented by: The absence of employee affect badly in the completion of any project or can slow it down If the employee us absent from worker the a temporary worker or the employees supervisor have to cover the work of the absent employee The absence of the employee slows but does not stop bleeding The replacement of employee is less efficient in an organisation it can be percentile as follow: 71% as efficient during unplanned incidental absences 79% as efficient during planned absences 80% as efficient during extended absences The work output of 4 to 8 co-workers was reduced by 19% Normally non attendance can cost as much as about  £1000 to business per employee every year one person is taking day off from work might be not seem like a big issue but when we add up the sum it cause the decrease in the productivity with the increased strain on other areas of the business. The fact is that it should not be taken lightly. What if you need to hire in a temporary worker to pick up the workload? What if someone who is covering the work needs to be paid overtime? What if their absence means a suggestion doesnt get in on time resulting in a lost contract? Indeed, absenteeism can take a financial toll in several companies for that matter in different respects. The most obvious cost in the sector of sick leave benefits provided that the business offers some benefits but there are many hidden costs as well. These are some hidden charges which cost to business in the case of absenteeism as follow: Lost productivity of the absent employee Overtime for other employees to fill in Decreased overall productivity of those employees Any temporary help costs incurred Possible loss of business or dissatisfied customers Problems with employee morale More over IHC estimates that 13.4 million working days a year are lost to stress, anxiety and depression, and 12.3 million to back and upper limb problems. And the overall cost to UK industry? A whopping  £11.5bn in 2002 was paid out in wages to absent employees and on additional overtime and temporary staff cover, according to the CBI. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3563609.stm Numerous factors Taking a one-off sick may not seem a problem to the employees in a organization but they all add up to a major cost to a organization as well a industry of any country So much so that according to a report by healthcare consultancy IHC, 40 million days are lost each year in the UK to workplace absenteeism. And 93% of employees was absent from work due to colds and flu IHC says that in reality at least half of all workplace absence has absolutely nothing whatsoever to do with health. People decide to stay away from the office personal or domestic issues. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3563609.stm Motivation Many employers attempt to clear out on unwarranted absenteeism through tighter control. They ask employees to attend a meeting with their supervisor straight away upon their return to work, they demand a note from a doctor or use some other ways that targets the symptoms of absenteeism rather than its underlying causes. But the problem remains the same because they must concentrate to cut the roots of the problem the only thing that must do is to motivate. They must start by creating a relaxing an secure environment in which to communicate must create a point one where the shop floor workers can meet management without any pressure n discuss the problem which they are facing . Employers must communicate it is very important task in motivation which tell the views and happiness of everyone in the business Performance = function (ability x motivation) There are number of different views of different people that what can motivate the workers. The most common theory of Herzberg is discussed follow: Motivational Theory: Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Herzberg found many aspects of that what factors please the employees or displease the employees about their work place. He developed the motivation hygiene theory in which he called the motivators and the dissatisfiers to using hygiene term in the sense of to maintenance factors which are very important to avoid dissatisfaction. Herzberg theory of motivation was based on two factors hygienic factors and motivator factors Hygiene Factors which can demotive when the employee is not present. Hygiene Factors influence the dissatisfaction of a person, but are rarely  identified as creating job satisfaction.   Supervision Interpersonal relations Physical working conditions Salary Company car Security Relation with subordinates Personal life Motivation Factors which will motivate when present.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Job dissatisfaction isnt  usually  caused by a lack of Motivation Factors, but they are  identified as the cause of job satisfaction. achievement advancement recognition responsibility work itself The factors that motivated them in the workplace These all are the factors that gave the employees an motivation to work to resultant in job satisfaction. These are also known as motivators these motivators increased the job satisfaction of the employee towards his work and further increase the efficiency Those factors that prevented job dissatisfaction These factors are those that banned the job dissatisfaction. These factors did not make the employee happy or have job satisfaction it just removed the un happiness out of working. They are also know as hygiene factors these factors effect on the efficiency of the employees or it reduce the performance of the employee in work Herzberg believed that all factors include into one of these categories and therefore had separate cost. Some factors include into both categories although they held a stronger position in one of them. Attribution theory Attribution theory suggests that we observe a persons behaviour and then try to establish whether internal or external forces caused it. If it is a judged to be internal it is seen as being under the persons control if it is judged to be external it seen as a result of the situation. Attribution is said to be subjected to a number if consideration because we judge actions in a context. For example we judge how distinctive behaviour is and whether behaviour is unusual for a particular person. If for example the person is absent from and the circumstances are that his or her attendance record is exemplary then the behaviour could be considered unusual and an external cause (that is that the behaviour is outside the control of the individual) will be attributed. If the absenteeism fits in with the general pattern of behaviour then an internal attribution will be attached (that is it will be seen as being under the persons control. We also judge how consistent the behaviour is if it is consistent then we are most likely to attribute the behaviour to internal causes. (Organisational Behaviour and Work 3rd edition Fiona M.Wilson 2010) Measurement HOW TO MEASURE ABSENTEEISM: The most clear way to measure employees absenteeism is to make records of the attendance of the employees that how many days have employee not have came to work in many companies there is some sort of clock in or accountability set up to record the attendance of the employees working there when we have the proper record then we can easily know that how many employees are ill. Another key element of measuring the absence effectively is accurate measurement and monitoring. An organisation must measure if it has a problem with the absence issue its extent and the best way to solve or control this issue. There are just a fewer organisations which have set the target to reduce the absenteeism There are different measures that can be used to calculate the absence each of the measure provides the different aspects of absence. Lost time rate This measure show the overall percentage of the total time available which has been lost due to the absence of the employees of organisation For example:   10 one-day absences: 10 x 10 x 10 = 1,000   1 ten-day absence: 1 x 1 x 10 = 10   5 two-day absences: 5 x 5 x 10 = 250   2 five-day absences: 2 x 2 x 10 = 40   The trigger points are normally different in many organisations. As for all types of absence, the underlying causes will need to be identified. This measure  shows the percentage of total time available which has been lost due to absence of employees: Total absence (hours or days) in the period  x 100   Possible total (hours or days) in the period   For example, if the total absence in the period is 124 person-hours and the total time available is 1,550 person-hours, the lost time rate is:   124  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   x 100 = 8 %   1,550   It can be calculated separately for individual departments of the organisation or groups of employees to reveal particular absence problems. Frequency rate    The measure access the average number of absences per employee, it access as a percentage. It does not give any sign of the length of each absence period, nor any sign of employees who take more than one spell of absence:   No of spells of absence in the period  x 100   No of employees   for example: If we take the record of organisation of one month so employed on average 80 workers, and during this time there were a total of 16 of them was absence, the frequency rate is:   16  x 100 = 20%   80   by counting the total number of workers who take at least one day absence in one period rather than the total days of absence this measurement will show the individual frequency rate Bradford Factor The Bradford Factor identifies the constant short range absence for individuals, by measuring the number of days of absence, and is therefore a useful measure of the disturbance by this type of absence. It can be calculated using the formula:   S x S x D S = number of absents in 52 weeks taken by an person   D = number of absents in 52 weeks taken by that person For example:   10 one-day absences: 10 x 10 x 10 = 1,000   1 ten-day absence: 1 x 1 x 10 = 10   5 two-day absences: 5 x 5 x 10 = 250   2 five-day absences: 2 x 2 x 10 = 40   the trigger points will be different for all of the organisations. As for all types of absence, the underlying causes will need to be identified. Steps to Control Unauthorized Absence There are different theories which explain the causes of the absence and by which we can realize that we cannot solve the casual absence issues and other types of absence but we need a comprehensive approach to reduce the issue of absenteeism. There are three steps on which the company or employers must concentrate to avoid or control the absenteeism Step 1: The employers must make a absence policy in an working order. Not only the absence policy but also they must use other systems to make sure the rules and regulations of the absenteeism policy are implemented to employees in well manner such as: We must train the manager about the cost of the absenteeism and how to overcome it Make an policy or more rules regards to reduce the money if the employees gone absent and communicate with them that how much money they have lost it will force them not to be absent without any reason but the most important thing we have to check the local legal regulation and policy before this method Must record the attendance of the employees and there should any kind of reward for the employee who was on work all the days in a period or who containing the maximum attendance let all the employees chose the winner for that We must make an absence policy align to the other policy specially which is related with the employees benefits. Such as we can create rules to not to give any kind of incentive or any loan to the employee whom attendance is not good Step 2: We must make sure the employment system and the selection system consider absence issue such as: The recruiter for employees should mention the medical and health conditions as an main concern We must make sure in interviews or in start that the candidate has an positive attitude towards the attendance importance It is very important to check not only for competency fit he must be checked for job fit which includes the interest and personality of the candidate according to the nature of the job Step 3: Some of the problem of absenteeism is related to the job problem. If there is any poor performance of any employee then we must take action: We must make the elastic working time arrangements like if employee have any kind of problem to go on Monday for domestic demands they can easily replace Monday to Saturday or any other day or if the employee attend the half day then he can work additional hours tomorrow to cover the missing hours We must put some interesting aspects in the job by enlarging the responsibilities by changing the nature of the job by making it challenging to the subordinates or by providing the additional trainings or coaching. What actions a manger should take for absence The important challenge for managers is to make people happier at work. This is a fact if the people are happy on the work then there will be less day off from work every time they wake up with a stuffy nose. Managers need to become more tuned to their employees they have to take care of several things like emotional needs and find out what really motivates them. To reduce the amount of absence they must take some good decisions: Pick the right person for job by interviewing and selecting people Give more time to or pay more attention to the applicants human side other then the qualifications. Find out what makes the employees happy and make sure about the views of them that they think positive and sure about it that job suits them Should motivate your people and coach them in different ways . As with all theories there is not even any guarantee that it will work very time but the majority employees are responsible people and if the we treat them in a good manner them they attitude towards the work will be positive manner. Mostly some of the employees need to know about their performance in the organisation if we want to really motivate them then we must give them the feedback and must guide them how they can improve their work more efficiently. Managers can make the job more interesting to employees by giving them the responsibilities, challenges, giving them new projects for work, or trainings. We should regularly communicate with them formally and informally and must involve or organize the staff meetings.

Exploring What Makes A Successful Leader Leadership Essay

Exploring What Makes A Successful Leader Leadership Essay A leader is destined a person who is leaded by the other persons. On the other hand, a leader is also must consequential to motivate security to get followers a leader hence they should to have concentrate, aim, and guidance and improve them with some expressions, opinion and action. Leadership is a mostly about a management activity which like communication and personally will control it and will be afford to achieve the company s goals. Other than that, the leader is knowledgeable to make people satisfied with themselves by accretion their self esteem. It is important to shatter down hurdles and create links, which is to demonstrate hurdles among departments, organisations, employees and customers. The leader s challenge is to build and spend in relationships and also makes a communication environment to his followers. The leadership s actions must help the team to get done the objectives, and fulfilling needs. A leader has to classify about the human nature life, and be skilled to express people reducing the team s doubts about ensuing. A few people assume that a leader is born for that way and there is no any additional way to practicing or learning to create a leader. They are thinking in the wrong way because inside of all human being there is a leader waiting to be awake and holding on a prospect to appear. The characteristics of a leader A few extraordinary characteristics are wanted to be developed inside the body of an individual, which no disbelief, have got to build a person good leader by outlook, gesture and performs. Different leaders have different kinds of natural characteristics and give the consciousness of being either energetic, proud, angry, kindly, soft natured or emotional. However there is something wanted to be overcome by all as common characteristics of a leader. Each one of the leaders happens to be honoured with some unique idiosyncrasies, called as a special characteristic of a leader. We are presenting over here a few obvious characteristics needed to be developed inside the individual as the general characteristics of a leader. One of the strange characteristics of a leader is he/she admitting his/ her disadvantages, weaknesses and failures. Such kind of characteristics expose respective leader s willingness to believe in high standard, victory and activity, which gives him/her the pleasure, praise and esteem or support from all walks of life. A leader should have a power of intuiting and taking precautionary steps in order to tame the challenging situations efficiently and successfully. Intuition, being one of the best characteristics of a leader, forecasts everything waited. It helps the respective leader to apprise public, in advance, a situation to cause its vigorous impact on the people perilously or constructively. In other words a good leader can arouse the sentiments against as well as in favor of individual, regime and power. An efficient leader should be equipped with a characteristic of predetermining the actions needed to be taken, in the time to come, in order to cope with contrary situations efficiently. Great ability to evaluate appropriate timing for the course of action is one of the crucial characteristics of a leader. Ability to develop a data of information on administrative structure, management, defense, budget, economy, relations, bureaucracy and analyzing them prolixly for their utilization are some of the additional characteristics needed to be developed by a leader. Managing, controlling and motivating/ persuading the arm forces or the public also are the required characteristics of a leader. Instead of asking the people to do something special, a good leader is needed to present an example before the public. It is a important characteristic of a good leader. Good leader should control his emotions and anger in public. He should motivate the public through his words and deeds without causing an impression that it may hurt common person as well. b) Seven personal qualities found in a good leader 1. A good leader has an exemplary character. It is of utmost importance that a leader is trustworthy to lead others. A leader needs to be trusted and be known to live their life with honestly and integrity. A good leader walks the talk and in doing so earns the right to have responsibility for others. True authority is born from respect for the good character and trustworthiness of the person who leads. 2. A good leader is enthusiastic about their work or cause and also about their role as leader. People will respond more openly to a person of passion and dedication. Leaders need to be able to be a source of inspiration, and be a motivator towards the required action or cause. Although the responsibilities and roles of a leader may be different, the leader needs to be seen to be part of the team working towards the goal. This kind of leader will not be afraid to roll up their sleeves and get dirty. 3. A good leader is confident. In order to lead and set direction a leader needs to appear confident as a person and in the leadership role. Such a person inspires confidence in others and draws out the trust and best efforts of the team to complete the task well. A leader who conveys confidence towards the proposed objective inspires the best effort from team members. 4. A leader also needs to function in an orderly and purposeful manner in situations of uncertainty. People look to the leader during times of uncertainty and unfamiliarity and find reassurance and security when the leader portrays confidence and a positive demeanor. 5. Good leaders are tolerant of ambiguity and remain calm, composed and steadfast to the main purpose. Storms, emotions, and crises come and go and a good leader takes these as part of the journey and keeps a cool head. 6. A good leader, as well as keeping the main goal in focus, is able to think analytically. Not only does a good leader view a situation as a whole, but is able to break it down into sub parts for closer inspection. While keeping the goal in view, a good leader can break it down into manageable steps and make progress towards it. 7. A good leader is committed to excellence. Second best does not lead to success. The good leader not only maintains high standards, but also is proactive in raising the bar in order to achieve excellence in all areas. These seven personal characteristics are foundational to good leadership. Some characteristics may be more naturally present in the personality of a leader. However, each of these characteristics can also be developed and strengthened. A good leader whether they naturally possess these qualities or not, will be diligent to consistently develop and strengthen them in their leadership role. Overall, leadership involves being an effective communicator, being trustworthy, and being ambitious. The leader needs to be able to connect on some level with his followers. His followers need to be able to depend on him. Lastly, he needs the inner motivation to want to lead the group of people Leaders know how to make people function in a collaborative fashion, and how to motivate them to excel their performance. Leaders also know how to balance the individual team members quest with the goal of producing synergy ( ) an outcome that exceeds the sum of individual inputs. Leaders require that their team members forego the quest for personal best in concert with the team effort.9 An important measure of a leaders own success is the success of his or her followers. The strength of a leader is measured by the ability to facilitate the self-leadership of others. The first critical step towards this goal is to master self-leadership. If leaders want to lead somebody, they must first lead themselves. Successful person Success is the achievement of a desired aim, fame, wealth or social position. So a successful person is somebody who has been able to achieve an aim, fame, wealth or social position. A successful person is somebody who has been able to start a project (no matter how small it is) and see it to the end and should also have guided quiet a number of people to bring their own projects to completion. I believe this is a complete definition of success. A successful individual is the most powerful force for change and happiness on the face of the earth or in all of existence. A successful person achieves their goals no matter what they may be. Sure, success can be anything though, as long as it is a positively achievable ideal. Genuine achievement comes down to a positive ideal in every way that counts. Negative ideals are failure, and the ultimate failure is a dead psyche, not necessarily physical death so much. A dead psyche with a living body is an obvious failure because of the fact that potential is wasted being a conscious failure. Successful people also are strong believers. They believe in themselves and also in God. Successful people are also very self responsible. They realize that they have a choice in life and that they are responsible for whatever outcome of their effort. They don t blame anyone or anything for their mistakes but make a positive choice to change their style of approach for better outcome in the future. Don t blame anyone for your failure. Just learn from it and move on. Usually this is how the successful people think. Successful people are also very committed to their goals. They don t give up on their goals whenever things go wrong. They do whatever within their resources and turn the problem into opportunity leading to their success. a) The Qualities of Successful Person Different person value success differently, but you would be hard pressed to find anyone that doesnt want to be successful by their own definition of the word. Like anything that is worth your time, success doesn t come easy and it will most definitely not come without effort. Regardless of the arena in which you want to succeed, there are qualities that all successful person possess. When you want to be great, you should look up to great person and apply elements from their road map to your own life. There are six of the qualities to achieve success:- 1. Master your craft Becoming a master in a field does not necessarily mean that you obtain a Masters degree in your profession. Mastering your craft will be a continual process because there is always room for improvement. Learn everything you can about your field and become an expert. Always be open to learn new things and make the effort to gain and fine tune your skills. 2. Be consistent or Stay focused Stay focused on your goals; let them become the air you breathe. Work on your craft consistently. Be sure to give whatever you set out to do ample attention so that you yield desirable results. Whatever you give your attention and that is what will grow and to achieve success, you have to stick with it. Remember that if youre working five times as hard on something, there is someone out there, likely your competition who is working 10 times as hard. Even if youre not able to dedicate every single day to a project, be consistent with the time and effort you can put toward your goals. 3. Take responsibility Take on the responsibility of accomplishing your goals and being successful, because no one else will do that for you. Your goals are your own and you have to be the captain of your own ship if you want to be successful. This means, that you cannot blame anyone for anything and you should also not make any excuses for anything that doesn t happen or that goes wrong; take responsibility for yourself and your dreams. Try to enact change and control to some extent over your project(s). 4. Perfect your time management skills All you have in this life is time and you determine what you will spend your time doing. At times there are many factors that take up your time, and this is where time management comes in. Successful people know that there is a time for everything. Once youve set aside time to do something, be sure you spend your time doing just what you set out to do because this is the only way to make sure you accomplish your goals. 5. Plan You have to plan for your success. In every aspect of your life you will have to make and follow through on your plans. You have to plan your daily life and you have to set short term and long term goals in order to gage your progress. See where you want to be and create a road map (plans) to get there. 6. 7. Surround yourself with positive and motivating people As sure as the guarantee of moving company insurance the company you keep will affect when, how, and if you achieve success. Its imperative to surround yourself with people that will bring you up and not pull you down. This doesn t mean that you have to cut off your friends, but spend time around people who will motivate you to help you stay focused and motivated on your goals. b) The characteristic of successful person Successful People certainly share a set of common personality characteristics. Here s a checklist of personality characteristics shared by Successful People. 1. Always dream big Successful people always see the big picture . It takes the same effort to dream big as it does to dream small. You have to believe it s possible. 2. Have passion Successful People are passionate about all they do. They jump right in and do what they do with panache and style. They don t do things by halves. Do what you love and love what you do Success is more than just money it s being challenged, happy, and passionate about what you do, and the success and money will follow. 3. Have clear vision and focus Keep your Vision clearly focused before you. Live your highest Vision, and affirm it every day with joy and fun. 4. Maintain powerfully supportive positive beliefs Successful people always see the positive. It s vitally important to your success that you cultivate positive Beliefs. When we try to make changes, our brain and ego goes for a search in our inner filing cabinet of beliefs to support the status quo. When opposing beliefs show up people tend to cave in. 5. Maintain a deep conviction that you will and deserve to achieve the success you desire True winners know they deserve. Don t waver because the Universe will pick up on your equivocation and think you re really not serious about wanting it. 6. Know how to work with the law of attraction to achieve success Access and put into practice Law of Attraction principles to help you Get What You Want One of the most important traits of successful person is their integrity. In my opinion integrity is what a person would do without anyone watching. A person with integrity will always go the extra mile for others and do what is right. They do this because they themselves know it s the right thing to do. Their actions are not based off of what society thinks or individuals around them, but from their own moral character. A successful person with integrity outshines all others. They go the extra mile to help people, and their moral character never sways. They have strong beliefs and will do whatever it takes to accomplish the goal at hand. The trait of integrity builds long lasting relationships because a person with integrity is always true to themselves and others. People of integrity also make great leaders because people can count on that person to always do what is right. On the journey to success and while influencing others we must always keep our integrity in check. We must have strong moral commitments, and never let them waiver. Believe in our self and believe in others. Integrity is the wind against our sail. The stronger our integrity the faster we will get to what we desire and we will not only accomplish much, but will also have a long lasting effect on others.

The Immigrants in Breath, Eyes, Memory :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Immigrants   Breath, Eyes, Memory  Ã‚      Having to move to another country is not an east task because you are leaving behind everyone that you know since you are a little kid. Sophie was experiencing this because now she must drop everything and jump in a plane to reunited with her mother which she only have heard her voice. Haiti and Tante Atie was all Sophie knew, the freedom that she had to run around or just play with kids from across the street while the hot sun is kicking in. Tante Atie for Sophie was the mother that she always wanted; a mother that would wait for her outside when she returned from school or a mother that would tell her stories when she couldn't fall asleep. This will soon change when one-day plane tickets arrive and everything that was familiar to her was no longer there. Sophie was now in a new country with a mother that was also new to her. She now most learn English and at the same time maintain a fluent Creole. But the most difficult thing is to get use to New York and her new surroundings because you no longer can be running around in the street and your parents are working day and night. There is no more freedom until you become an American (meaning more independent an liberal) in from of your mother eyes. I can relate to this novel a lot because I came to this country when I was eleven years old and I had to leave my grand parents, my father and my friends behind for a new life with my mother. It was a big change because I no longer could go outside and play baseball with my friends instead I most stay in and play Nintendo. I couldn't speak with some people in my school because I did not speak English nor did I understand the language. I had to work hard to understand and speak English, I used to always go to McDonalds and order the food, this was a way for me to practice or volunteer to go to the deans office to drop or to pick up something. At the beginning was hard but my friends were supportive but there were times when people try to put me down because of my heavy accent, at that point I wanted to loss my accent but I learn that my accent is part of who I am.

Consciousness Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Consciousness To define such a universally experienced phenomena as consciousness may seem on the most superficial level rather unnecessary. Yet a more scientific, and at times philosophical, investigation into the phenomena demands some sort of confirmed interpretation which supercedes any such common understanding. For our purposes the content of consciousness may be deemed those things of which one is aware and thus can report. Thinking, as well, and the higher-level mechanisms associated there in may also be components of this consciousness. While additionally an individuals' conception that the way in which she experiences the world comes from more than just the neuronal activity of her brain can be understood as a contribution of said consciousness (2). In his Consciousness and Neuroscience, Francis Crick and Christof Koch searched for the "active neuronal processes in [one's] head [which] correlate with consciousness". This well articulated investigation into the 'neuronal correlate of consciousness' (NCC) utilizes the nature of the visual representation to explore what they hypothesize to be a basic common mechanism, or number of mechanisms, which may account for consciousness (1). Crick and Koch introduces the argument that "to be aware of an object or event, the brain has to construct a multilevel, explicit, symbolic interpretation of part of the visual scene". Certainly the neuronal activity resulting from the varied patterns of light falling on one's photoreceptors does not alone explain the extent of visual experiences which one may conceive. Indeed the impression of completeness of any given perception proves largely false. Rather, the vivid scene has been 'made-up' by the brain, constructed out of aware... ...n perceives it. Web Sources 1)Consciousness and Neurosceince http://www.klab.caltech.edu/~koch/crick-koch-cc-97.html 2)Scientific Studies of Consciousness http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/psychology/cogsci/kcave/Psy115A/consciouc.%20html 3)Notes and Suggestions towards A Theory of Consciousness http://www.culture.com.au/brain_proj/hyp-cons.htm 4)An Introduction to the Physiology of Ordinary Consciousness http://www.culture.com.au/brain_proj/physiol.htm 5)Does Consciousness Exist? http://www.culture.com.au/brain_proj/vaidya.htm 6)NEUROSCIENCE http://www.bakery.demon.co.uk/SPECIAL/02_00.html 7)NEUROSCIENCE - Specific Brain Regions http://www.bakery.demon.co.uk/SPECIAL/02_14.html 8)Serendip - Exploring the Consciousness Problem [an error occurred while processing this directive] http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/consciousness/

History Free Response Essay

In the period of 1820 -1840 a two party system began to form for several reasons including major political personalities as well as economic issues. Conflicts began to surface during this time period, which contributed to the reemergence of a two party system. Major Political Personalities such as Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, and John Quincy Adams were all candidates for president in 1824. This is where the first split began. All four candidates were from the Republican Party. Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but failed to win the majority of the Electoral College. According to the constitution, the top three candidates would be voted on in the House of Representatives. Clay was eliminated as he received the 4th amount of votes. Clay used his power as speaker of the House to throw his support to John Quincy Adams. Shortly after Quincy Adams’ election he placed Clay in the position of Secretary of State, a known stepping-stone to the presidency. Jackson called this â€Å"foul play†, and many of Jackson’s followers called the Election of 1824 a â€Å"corrupt bargain.† When election time came again in 1828 Jackson ran as a democrat while Quincy Adams ran as Republican. Jackson won the electio n as a Democratic. Jackson faced many crises during this time, which made him quite a few friends as well as many enemies. The Tariff of 1828, which sought to drive up tariffs on many southern products, was widely disapproved by the people in the south but highly accepted by people in the north and could be seen as a power struggle between Daniel Webster who was Pro-Tariff and John C. Calhoun who was Anti-Tariff. Calhoun advocated a complete nullification of the bill in South Carolina. Jackson responded immediately by threatening to send in armed forces to collect the taxes in South Carolina if necessary. Jackson also made enemies with his Indian Removal Act. Even though Jackson made many enemies during his first term he was re-elected to a second term and defeated Clay in this second Election. During this election can the beginning of the Anti- Masonic Party. The Anti- Masonic Party was an Anti-Jackson Party. This party hated the Jackson Party, as well as Jackson himself, who was a Mason. During Jackson’s second term a long-term party developed which was called the Whigs, which stood for everythi ng that was anti-Jackson. They hated the â€Å"abuse† of Jackson because he used the veto power more than any of the other presidents combined. President Jackson did not run for re-election, as he was too old. However, by this point in time two distinct parties had formed. On one side were the democrats who glorified the individual, and believed in the liberal idea of laissez faire or self-help. They believed that the government should not bail out or attempt to help businesses that were failing by giving financial support. The Whigs however, supported the market system and capitalism. Whigs favored moral reforms, a national bank, tariffs and a natural balance in society as well as the community over the individual which was very much anti-Jackson. Both parties had many similarities however a primary division of the two parties came because of economic issue. A second issue that arose and led to two political parties was the Bank of the United States. The Bank of the United States was due to expire, which meant it would need to be re-chartered. A Bank war erupted when two political viewpoints fought over the re-chartering of the bank. One side wanted the re-chartering to be passed and the other wanted President Jackson to use his veto power so the bank would be eliminated. Jackson was against the re- chartering, as he was apprehensive of all banks and their paper-money issues along with the fact that he believed that the bank had intervened in local and national elections. Jackson also believed that the banks president had too much control of its wealth and power. Jackson decided the Bank of the United States would not be re-chartered. Jackson began removing funds from the Bank in the hopes that it would slowly close it down. He placed these removals into smaller state banks. Several other smaller banks also formed at this time and issued their own paper money. This new money led to over pricing of land in the west and forced Jackson to issue an order that all land be purchased with metal money instead of the paper money. Jackson left office shortly after this and left president Martin Van Buren to clean up this issue which had spread to every other part of the economy. In the hopes of stopping the crisis Van Buren formed the Independent Treasury who would keep all government funds locked away in vaults. After Van Buren, the Federal Reserve System was created to help control the amount of money in circulation and to keep a certain amount in the central government. The Whigs, which was a major politically party formed because of the trouble surrounding the Bank of the United States. The Whigs stood for a strong national bank in control of every aspect while Jackson and the Democrats believed in central government supervision of state banks. This became the primary distinction between the two political parties. Both political personalities like Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams and economic issues as with The Bank of the United States led to the re-emergence of the two party systems of Whigs and Democrats.

Ict Unit 2 Essay

T s forever exclusivelyyer content tax 14 Research the characteristics unavoid adequate to bestow let out in the IT sector4 chance upon the characteristics and flourish it in a flurry. 4 line of snip 26 Create a accede with deuce columns, regarding craft drop of goods and redevelopments and definitions6 listing the divergent type of graphemes that lot be set in motion in the ICT sector6 Describe apiece(prenominal) of the joke spots6 childbed 311 Create a pamphlet regarding genius bank line grapheme11 tendency the characteristics considerful for the unique(predicate) trick role11 Task 414 Extend the brochure -Explain wherefore reli adequate to(p) characteristics be postulate for the particular proposition crinkles. 14 Task 519Write a compose report to justify the project role which meets the above criteria. 19 - Aim of appellative The aim of this unit is to ensure that fiters surrender drive inledge of the availcap competent mull over roles involving professional IT and the characteristics employers demand in the IT indus take heed. - Learning Outcomes 1. cope the characteristics that ar apply by the employers in the IT industry 2. Know the common hypothesise roles under resumen by mickle on the job(p)(a) in the IT industry - Key Words attention particularized proficient turn inledge, ca-ca(a) procedures, healthful(p)ness and safety familiarity General skills e. g. inter person-to-person skills, externalizening skills, organizational skills, metre perplexity, police squad dissembleing, numeric skills, creativity, riddle lap up Attitudes high hat-loved e. g. determined, independent, right, tolerant, depend adequate, leadership, confidence, self-motivation General IT roles e. g. solutions architecture, solution development and implementation, lucre management, schooling certificate, technical sources, data administrators, IT service management and deli real hardw be particular p roposition e. g. anufacturing, repair, supply, inst all(prenominal)ation, webs softw are package proper(postnominal) e. g. applications com nonpluser programmers, dusts programmers, website developer, parleys programmers probe and suppose psycho analysts designers baffle out conductors - Scenario IT Venture is an ICT enlisting agency which specialises in IT jobs. In the new-fashioned times energizeting a job in the IT industry has become very difficult. To aid the populate who want to nail into the industry the agency wants to run an denomination and alongside it they volition advertise job roles which volition include the ideal employee attri barelyes.In this assignment you are a junior recruiter operative at the agency. The manager has asked you to take on the caper of writing the member about characteristics ingested to work in the ICT industry. You result wherefore adduce a table with a selective telephone number of IT job roles, the job roles forg et verbalize the employee attributes conducted to them. - 1. Researching the requirements fall guy P1 You pass on entertain to research the characteristics which are necessityed to get a job in the industry.The best way to go about the task is to state the characteristics and thusce to describe them. Task 1 For P1 you get to Research the characteristics mandatory to work in the IT sector Describe the characteristics and display it in a table. P1 - designate to be submitted 1. Table with 2 columns using the headings = characteristics and description indications inherent in the IT industry Characteristics/skills verbal description inter personalised * exposition- Relating to others, getting on with raft (and getting the job shame) * Needed because you must(prenominal) get on with flock. * If you dont get on with mess then you set up non get the job done nation whitethorn find you a veto influence if you stoogenot work with others right on. readying * c ommentary- Planning your work, task lists, doing things in the right bless, ensuring you perplex all the resources required. * Needed because unorganised softwood tend to get less work done * Bosses dislike unorganised mountain because they bottom of the inning realize havoc in the workplace * If you plan when to do things then you testamenting pee more than informal time to do what you want Organisational * Definition organism organised is having a refreshed and tidy workspace where you eject work to your upper limit capacity. Being unorganised can be very annoying to other members of your conclave if you are in one * un organized cyberspace support managers wont be able to keep tip of the calculating machines they manage. headache work out * Definition job resoluteness is dealing with a patch as rough-and-readyly as achievable and getting an positive outcome * Being able to exculpate a task right away and efficiently will lowly that you save time . * If you are an IT technician and you are unable to puzzle out a problem than clients and customers will view you as unprofessional and that you dont exhaust the skills to be a technician. creative thinking * Definition allowing yourself to ask monstrous and crazy yet sensible ideas or suggestions. * It is Copernican to be creative so that you can stand out in your workplace. * You can reach different audiences which will be good for channel. * IT technicians motivation to be creative to be able to create programmes that are suited to the audience, for example a childrens programme. Numeric * Definition using and applying mathematical skills in situations where it is wished. * When an IT Programmer is working they fate to use numeric skills to tag the software. Basic math skills will be submited for certain(p) programs and you command to know how to do equations. squad working * Definition working amongst a group of people while giving help and excessively recei ving help. * You would be surprised how much you learn from your peers and participators. * A Programmer would get to work in a group to help realised the project to their best great power. metre Management * Definition Spending time wisely and productively. * During a work project you need plan how you will use your time so you can pause the project to a good standard. If you cant manage your time properly then you will be slow down on tasks as you submit basically wasted time. - 2. Describing the job role and stating the characteristics Grade P2, P3, P4, D1 For this part of the section you will be looking at various job roles and you will write down the job and a description of the job. You will then birth to write down the characteristics requirements for each job role. For the characteristic that you support contract you will need to explain why a specific characteristic is needed for each job.Task 2 For P2 you need to Create a table with two columns, regarding jo b role and descriptions tilt the different type of roles that can be found in the ICT sector Describe each of the job roles P2 -Evidence to be submitted 1. A table with a list of jobs and job roles. P2 Roles and Responsibilities in IT Job Job Title Roles and Responsibilities want Personal characteristics 1. internet Technician Computer mesh technicians build and maintain ready reckoner networks used by line of products enterprise, education, government, and health-care institutions.Networks linking desktop computers allow users to ship electronic mail (e-mail) and to share data, computer applications, and Internet connectednesss. As more institutions crap computer networks, the demand for skilled computer network technicians will grow. Time management is really weighty as you whitethorn hit a lot of work to do on a deadline. task working skills are besides classical because you may need to analyse a problem before working it out. You similarly need to solve a problem as quickly as perhaps but withal as efficiently as possible. 2. Website Developer The web designer has the duty of the design and format of the website. They also have to responsibility for coding the website. They also have the responsibility to update any software and the dodge also maintenance of the website. Creativity is important as they have to design a website that is original and stands out from the liberalization of the competition. Another skill is problem firmness. This is needed because there might be faults and glitches in the arrangement that makes using the website hard for users.So the designer needs to iron out any glitches. 3. placements programmer A programmer needs to research and taste watercourse agreements. They need to work well other colleagues in the design and analyst compartment. They have to write the software need to find faults with any programs. You need problem solving skills as you have to find faults with a program and then fix it an other(prenominal) skill is analytical skills. This is needed because you have to be able to solve complexes and unworldly problems. This is also similar to problem solving skills. 4. Data administrator A data bow administrator has the role monitoring the performance, integrity and protective covering of a database. They need to have police squad working skills because they control the data base of the company in a team this is because in a team they will work more efficiently. withal they need to have problem solving skills because if users of the database are having problems they need to solve as quickly and efficiently as possible. 5. Network manager As a network manager, you have tworoles.Youll be answerable for lay and maintaining the companys computer networks, and also to train staff to provide root rate technical support. As a network manager you will need to have problem solving skills, this is because you may sheath problems in the networks that you need to solve . Also you need to have team working skills as you will be working in a team and you will need to work with them efficiently. Furthermore you must have dialogue skills, because you will need to teach staff and communicate well with them.Some other interpersonal skills needed are the ability to communicate face to face and have clear pen communication also comprehending skills is important. 6. practiced writer The roles and responsibilities of a technical writer is that they must ensure their audience encounters the text. This is because their job is to make complex technical information sound relatively light umteen. They need communication skills this is because they need make information easy to understand instead of a technical jargon which many consumers do not understand.Also they need to have team working skills, as they will be most of the time working in a team. Source from www. wikipedia. com Task 3 For P3 you need to Create a booklet regarding ONE job role List t he characteristics needed for the specific job role P3 -Evidence to be submitted 1. A booklet with ONE jobs and job characteristics Task 4 For M1 you need to Extend the booklet -Explain why certain characteristics are needed for the specific jobs. Evidence to be submitted 1. A booklet with a list of jobs, job characteristics and explanation of specific characteristic requirementsWhy certain characteristics are important for constitution analysts (M1) This essay will be highlighting the important skills that are required for a remains analyst. Characteristic that are required for a organization analyst are * interpersonal skills * analytical skills * Organisational skills * technological skills * caution * Team working * communicatory * Time Management * tractableness * Adaptability * leeway * honor * mark and self-motivation Interpersonal skills The musical arrangement analyst needs to be able to move and communicate with the organization, business and colleagues in order to solve problems.Interpersonal skills consist of many things communicating with others, but also our confidence and our capability to listen and understand. Problem solving, decision making and personal stress management are also considered interpersonal skills. arranging analyst need to be able to clarify their ideas and judgment. System analyst with sound interpersonal skills can lay which are the best ship canal of collaborating with system users. Analytical skills Analytical skills are the ability to visualize and solve both uncomplicated and complex problems and concepts and make decisions that are appropriate to the situation.Analytical skills can be referred to as problem solving skills, and this is an indispensable skill needed, as a system analyst. System analyst need to be able to have the ability to see things as systems, identify, analyze, and troubleshoot or solve problems in an optimal way for a specific organization. Also, as a system analyst you have to be able to be an ready learner, complex problem solver, active listener, critical and logical thinker. Organisational skills Organizational skills are to be able to plan ahead, timetabling, working deadlines and meeting them.Furthermore, being organized helps you to know what is expected of you each day and to be prepared to meet those expectations. As a system analyst, being organized is important because you will have to meet deadline, complete all tasks at a high standard. If you are not mounty organized this operator that you will fail tasks and produce low quality grade work which could evidently get you in trouble with the business and resulting in your dismissal from the workplace. Technical skills Technical skills are ability to understand how computers, data networks, databases and operating systems work.You need to have good knowledge and understanding of ironware and software as it is to know what exactly you are analyzing. Technical skills are important for system analyst a s they need to be able to decipher problems, and having knowledge of computer and network systems and of IT on a macro level. This will help to be able to provide solutions to system users. Team working Team working is the influence of working collaboratively with a group of people (strangers and colleagues alike) in order to achieve a inclination. Team working skills are of import in businesses.Teamwork means that people will try to cooperate and participate, using their individualistic skills and providing constructive feedback, despite any personal conflict between individuals. Theoretically they all pitch in ideas to make a transformed hybrid super idea. System analyst need to be interactional when working within a group because you share different expertise and you can get more knowledge from the people in the group. Also, to be able examine systems more efficiently and quickly. Maintenance Maintenance is when you uphold and preserve a system frequently instead of neglecti ng it.This helps stop problems as all(prenominal)thing is up to date. Maintenance can be used for repairing and providing solutions. System analysts are responsible for the operating system and associated alternate systems. go forth system-level support of multi-user operating systems, computer hardware and software tools, including installation, configuration, maintenance, and support of these systems. System analyst need to keep their work in mint conditions have lots of responsibility of systems and be prepared in order to solve problems. Communicational skillsCommunicational skills include effective interpersonal communication ( write, verbal, visual, electronic, face-to-face conversations, presentations in front of groups), listening, and group skills. The purpose of communication is to get your message across to others clearly. Communicational skills are life skills and needed not only in businesses or disposal they are also acquired on day to day living. As a system analys t, it is significant and valuable to have communicative skills as they need to talk to and interact with system users to find what they do, and their colleagues for information.As well as, system analyst look at current existing systems and problems in those systems, thus they have to interview users to find their findings and solve the problem they are trying to resolve. They need good communicational skills, as they take part in business speaking, business writing, interviewing, listening, technical discussion and technical writing. flexibleness The general, basic definition of flexibility is not similar to this type of definition of flexibility. For system analyst, their timetable and plan needs to be flexible, this means can adjust to change for a day.For instance, if they have organised or mean for a day of communicating and interacting with system users, but instead they had a business meeting, then they have to adjust to it. Adaptability allowance is a natural process tha t all organisms have gone through. However in these circumstances there is altered. It still has the same(p) principle which is that you change a gas that evidently means you work better. Adaptability is the ability to change to fit changed circumstances. This is similar to flexibility, as they need to adapt to changes in their timetable.Tolerance Tolerance is having the capacity to remain tolerant at difficult times. This is vital for every occupation, but as a system analyst, they will need to communicate and work in team with others most of the time, so having tolerance and be patient at times, like when interviewing or asking system users, working with others at difficult times, they need be tolerant, in order to keep back conflict or argument which can cause trouble in work. Integrity Integrity is the quality of being honest, true and having strong moral principles moral uprightness.As a system analyst, your integrity is your satinpod and respect and sense of duty in work, and in life. Your employer needs to be able to trust you and you need to have a good bond between you and your employer and colleagues, because then you can have more responsibility and because of this, your employer will give you a higher priority in your profession. Your integrity creates bonds in your workplace. Determination and self-motivation System analyst need to have ambitions or bank to achieve or succeed in a devoted situation. (E. g.Self-belief and determination in solving a technical problem) Determination and motivation will make the system analyst more focused and grueling on their work and they will harder to try to achieve something, they will have full control of their work and have the confidence to complete all given tasks. This is a serviceable skill for anyone it also helps part of organizational skills. Source www. wikipedia. com ( compose report explaining characteristics for jobs) (Extension of booklet explaining the characteristics of certain jobs) Tas k 5Dave Tipton the director of the agency needs a specific person to work for the agency. You have been given a set of characteristics from the director for which you will determine the best person for the job and will have to justify your choice. The side by side(p) characteristics are Good communication skills Problem solving Time management confident Dependable Technically Strong Qualifications MCP Microsoft XP MCP Microsoft 2003 cisco CCNA For D1 you need to Write a scripted report to justify the job role which meets the above criteria. Evidence to be submittedWritten report for your justification Task 2- A network technician (D1) Jasmine Zerbanski is suited for the job role of a Network Technician. A Network technician has many responsibilities for a business or organization that they work for. The normal job of a network technician involves monitoring network activity configuring network equipment analysing network security and dealing with cables, especially in connection p orts. There are array of skills required for being a network technician and some of these skills include Planning, analysing, communication and problem solving skills.Jasmine Zerbanski is suited for this job because she has good communication skills. This is important as she can interact with users and colleagues clearly and effectively. Although she is a little shy, she intimately overcomes this and works very well distributively and with others. She is highly self-motivated and is capable of producing quality work. Jasmine has amaze analytical skills this means that she can identify network errors quickly. Jasmine has experience with creating and maintaining networks.Jasmine has built a small network in her home, and this shows her readiness and creativity skills. Creativity skills are essential for a technician as they are able to come up with original ideas that make the life of the users easier. Jasmine has interpersonal skills. She has demonstrated that she is able to inte ract with other people. She has the ability to plan multiple tasks, and perform them to the highest quality. This is stated in her reference. She can diagnose IT problems, predict and think things and identify relevant casual factors and does goal setting.She is very well organised, she is able to put her work into a timetable and meet deadlines, and she has very good organisational and time management skills, she can control time over specific activities, as a network technician you need to manage your time, when you solve problems. Jasmine has team working skills, she is able to work with other people in groups to identify and solve IT problems she is able to communicate with other people. She has numeric skills, as an IT technician, you need numeric skills in order to use different methods on how to solve problems.She can solve problems (problem solving skills, she has the give-and-take to use different methods in solving problems and she is capable of quality work, so as a tec hnician she will be able to solve and fix different hardwares and softwares and many other IT inventions. She also possesses good written communication skills. This is useful in she ever needs to write notes and hand written letters. Overall, Jasmine Zerbanski is most suitable for the role as a Network technician. She has many useful skills which coincide with being a network technician.

Commodification of women Essay

Advertising is a form of communication used to persuade an audience( sketchers, readers, be giveneners)to fritter a trend some action with respect to proceedss, ideas or services. most commonly the desired result is to drive consumer mien with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertizement is excessively common . Advertising messages ar usually paid for by miscellaneous sponsors and beted via various traditionalistic media including mass media such as modernistics reputations, magazines, picture commercial, radio advertisement, outdoor advertise or beam mail ,or new-fashioned media such as website and textbook messages.History of Advertising red spinal column in quantify Egyptians used papyrus to make gross sales agreement messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and political campaign displays receive been prime in the ruins of Pompeii and ancient Arabia . Lost and found publicize on papyrus was common in ancient Ro me . Wall or quaver painting for commercial publicize is another presentation of an ancient publicize form, which is present to this side authentic day in many parts of Asia, Africa and south America. The tradition of commercial wall painting arouse be traced back to Indian rock art painting that learn back to 400 B. C.History reveals that out of fireside advert and bill boards atomic number 18 the oldest form of publicize . As education became an appargonnt need and yarn ,as salutary as belief developed advertisement expanded to include hand bills . In the 17 coulomb advertizement started to appear in periodic newspapers in England. These early print advertisements were used in general to promote books and newspapers ,which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press, and medicines ,which were lots sought after as several(prenominal) diseases ravaged in Europe As the parsimoniousness expanded in the 18th ascorbic acid advertizing grew alo ng side .During the next five decades it emerged as a starchy industry. In 1840 Volney B. Palmer a cipher businessman established the roots of the modern day advertize agency in Philadelphia. In 1842 Palmer bought cock-a-hoop amount of space in various newspapers at a concessional rate and then resold the space at higher rate to advertisers. At the turn of the century ,there were few c atomic number 18er choices for women in business, however, advertising was one(a) of few. Since women were responsible for most of the purchasing done in the shackhold, advertisers and agencies recognized the value of womens insight during the imaginative process.In fact ,the first American advertising to use a inner deal out was created by a women for a soap product. Although tame by todays standard ,the advertisement feature a couple with a message the kowtow you love to touchIn the 21st century , marketing through the internet has opened new frontiers for advertisers. A number of websit es have been created exclusively for selling products and services e. g. Ebay. com, Flipkart. com, Shadi. com etc. Even the search engine Google has started a change in online advertising by emphasizing contextually relevant , unobtrusive ads mean to help ,rather than inundate ,users.This has lead to plethora of analogous efforts and an increasing trend of interactive advertising. How important has advertising belong in our lives is clear from the fact that in 2010 , spending on advertising was estimated at more(prenominal)(prenominal) than 300 gazillion dollars in U. S and 700 billion U. S dollars worldwide Impact of Advertising Nowadays, advertising is omnipresent in our lives and has a really strong influence in our decisions as consumers. The aim is no perennial to inform us of a new product and its use , it is more to create a desire and longing to possess it.Moreover ,advertising has become a centre of attraction . Television bases argon devoted to it, a Museum is de dicated to it in genus Paris and we discuss advertisement in our daily lives. It can make us laugh, it can shock us, which shows that advertising has a link with the customs and the codes which govern our parliamentary law . For instance the Museum of advertising in Paris presents a retrospective about the Chinese advertising from the fountain of the 19th century to the present day to show the impact of governments on the advertising , the link among advertising and communist society and reflects the Chinese annalsWomen and Advertising From the Feminist Social Perspective No issue related to women can be debated without cite to the feminist conjecture. Feminist social guess has been touch on with understanding fundamental inequalities betwixt women and men and with synopsis of male power over women. Its basic presumption is that male derives from the social, economic, political ar lay outments specific to particular societies. Endorsing the view ,American feminist Catheri ne Mackinnon says men create the world from their summit of view ,which then becomes the truth to be exposit .This is male world. Initially feminist theory based its study on things such as housework, inequalities or male violence however promptly it has to be more concernd with words and with issues of representation. One of theses issues which is much discussed is women and their role in sphere of Advertising . Going with Mc Kinnon ,it can be said that in this field ,till new-madely allthing was created from the male point of view . The interest was focussed on women in a house, as a wife, mother, homemaker and well wisher.This was find out that would sell. From Marxist Social Perspective The Marxist theory concentrates on the role of women in economic growth. Women are now capable of contri thating towards the economy and dowery equal monetary responsibility. Hence in this paper ,women in advertising are represented in two ways Women as models to attract the consumers and sell the products and services Women as consumer and cross audience The advertising of the 20th century shows indeed the evolution of the womens status.Historians refer to this century as the century of women and sexual revolution because the situation of women and consequently the relations between men and women changed considerably in western societies. Women obtained a real political, economic and municipal power of decision. POTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN ADVERTISEMENT The end of 19th century truism many women going to work ,as workers in the factories ,as domestic or employees, so that the time for household delegate and cooking was reduced. Having less time restricts the possibilities for women however having a professional situation means beginning a long process of liberation .Work is capital ,and money permits to buy the products ,not only the ones which are soft touched to women , hardly also other products . The 1920s are the period of real evolution on the vision of women in advertising . Paris welcomes the poster realized by Leonetto Capiello for the Delices alimentary paste ,which shows the first bare legged pin up of a beautiful women. Even though a liberated women had emerged in the 20 century but still until the 1950s advertising gave the image of a passive women who was a housewife, a caring wife, a devoted mother and a symbol of beauty. scarcely she was still not very active in other areas. Maternal streak was full put-upon during this period. A mother keeping the house tasteful with Dettol or cooking healthy food in Dalda ghee were representative advertisements of this period. A much discussed ad is of a Baby Johnson Soap that presents a chubby tiddler referring to family, childhood , happiness and other value nowadays linked to home. Similarly Lux soap has constantly opted for celebrities whether its is Ava Gardner in Italy or Sharmila Tagore and current Katrina Kaif in India.The sales of these mentioned products was much above expected The models used were women and the target was also obviously women whether a housewife, mother or simply a women desiring to look beautiful. The advertisers were sharp comely to realize that a good study of the target can bring considerable profit evening though these cases confirm that the most shared values are almost the ones that men consider as feminine. Another aspect of women is the housewife . legion(predicate) products for cooking and cleaning are created keeping a housekeeper in mind.They promise time saving devices, more unembellished time to spend with family and healthy environment Progressive Women A Change in range of a function The 1960s witnesses a progressive unveiling of the eubstance with the mini skirt. The stocking arrived as a liberator and the feminist relocation was becoming popular. The advertisement for dim tights in U. S. A brought forth the concepts of a free women . The slogan highlighted was in dim, you are free, you are beautiful. From 1965 before the image of women changed. She asserted herself more and more and advertising presented a new independent women.She was no longer limited to housekeeping and in childrens lift ,from now on she worked and gained her autonomy. This changed image was also fully exploited by manufactures. Many advertisements related to the industrious to serve food hit the market. Maggie diversified its range and launched the Mousseline instant mashed potatoes and the three crowns ready to serve dishes . washing machines were introduced along with ovens, food processors and vacuum cleaners because they went well with the image of a progressive women .Instant hot chocolate became a hit as did soup ,noodles and pasta. This was because the women of the 1980s and 1990s had emerged as the wonder working women. She was confident, good and independent but at the same time she had not forgotten or abandoned her traditional role of a mother ,wife and a fille . The advertisement of Lizol disinfect ant portrays a lady limit who wants her house clean with the said product and it makes her house germ free. Also noteworthy is another recent advertisement which features a busy boss society his Secretary not to permit anyone to enter.Surprisingly she enters but only to remind the boss that being a diabetic he needs to eat every two hours ,leaves a packet of sugar free Nutralite oat biscuits ,says sorry and leaves. The point is that-when the wife is absent the travail is to be performed by a Secretary ,again a women. Yet in the field of advertising the vehemence still is on the uninventive image of women . She is an design of appeal to men, attracts by her body, skin etc. The list of advertisements pertaining to beauty products ,perfumes ,soaps ,lotions ,shampoo etc is endless.Decorative models who are passive and non structural are used. Their primary activity is to adorn the product /service as a attractive stimulus. They are standardised mannequins with the least lifelike roles . She is in an synthetic world ,often obviously so in the way she stands in dummy poses. The way these hackneyed stereotypes are repeated reveals a kind of discrimination ,clear and casual to denounce but hard to end to. This archaistic stereotype of women is strong and stubborn ,and for sure the advertising does not really permit to make its vanish.Indian advertising is to much dependent on the stereotyped image of women . Till now she is shown in the kitchen, cut around her family, carrying grocery bags and then the husband giving her a Moov massage or she taking an advertize Revital For Women vitamin. The message clearly is carry on with your duties but with the product suggested. Similarly for cholesterol control products like cooking oil (Saffola) or oats, it is always a women who is concerned about her husbands blood pressure but rarely the other way around.