Perceptions Of Parents Towards Children With Disabilities Education Essay

Neinstein et Al. ( 2008 ) defined the term particular kids as those â€Å" who have or at increased hazard for chronic physical, developmental, behavioural or emotional status and who besides require wellness and related services of a type or sum beyond that required by kids by and large † ( p. 1057 ) . In the US, 54 million are disabled or 19 % of the entire population. Among kids between five and 17 old ages of age, merely 5 % had disablements ( American Community Survey, 2008 ) . The concern of this survey is how parents perceive the presence of a kid with disablements in the household. In affected households, the duties and demands in the household important addition manifold. The mode in which parents trade with the kid ‘s disablement warrants important attending in research since they are really vulnerable to emphasize. A better comprehension of the proposed survey will necessitate apprehension of two salient footings, emphasis and header. Stress, by definition is a menace or concern that is either existent or perceived from the outside universe impacting the parent when the demand exceeds the available resources. The response of the single towards emphasis influences the person every bit good as the environment ( Levine, 2005 ; Russell, 2007 ) . The emphasis theoretical accounts of Lazarus and Folkman described get bying as the accomplishments, resources, and experiences of an person in pull offing both internal and external demands of nerve-racking cases ( Knussen & A ; Sloper, 1992 ) . In visible radiation of published research on this capable affair, hurt is higher among 70 % and 40 % of female parents and male parents, severally. Furthermore, both parental hurt and household operation affect kids in assorted ways cognitively, behaviorally, and socially. When parents learn their kid is physically or mentally handicapped, their lives will alter well because it will be filled with strong emotions, complicated determinations, and relationships established with a figure of specializers and professionals. At first, parents would experience entirely and insulate themselves socially. They may non besides have the cognition to seek for support, apprehension, and aid ( Mc Gill, 2003 ) . Consequently, household members more frequently view sing marital strife, societal isolation and depression. Some parents suffer feelings of incredulity, deep unhappiness, self-blame, guilt while others feel helpless, unequal, angry, or shocked. It is demonstrated in surveies that the conse quence of the disablement is endured by the household as a unit. Measuring the perceptual experiences of parents will supply an chance in better apprehension how households regard the emphasis brought approximately by the presence of a handicapped kid in the household. The survey will be proposed by maintaining in head the fact that the figure of kids with disabilitiesis increasing worldwide. In assisting society go more cognizant of both physical and mental disablements, its assorted constituents should jointly collaborate after diagnosing of the kid ‘s disablement so surrogate credence of the state of affairs in the household. More and more households confront alone stressors and effectual methods of get bying should be taught. As health professionals, parents should foremost nail the job, measure the state of affairs, and pull off it in a mode in which the handicapped kid is good adjusted in the household and finally society so his or her accomplishments will be optimally used. Statement of the Problem In its effort to turn to issues associating to understanding household procedures, the aims of the survey will concentrate on look intoing the perceptionsof parents on the kid with disablements and documenting the assorted experiences of the parents as they encounter nerve-racking events in supplying for the demands of their particular kids. The intent of this survey is to derive cognition about the history of the household and the parents ‘ experience instantly after the diagnosing of her kid ‘s disablement. Specifically, this survey will supply replies to the subsequent aims: Profile the households with particular kids in footings of: type of disablement of kid ; figure of kids ; business of parents ; and gross monthly income of the household 2. Document the initial reactions when the parents discovered their kids ‘s disablements 3. Determine the attitude of the parents toward their kid with disablement 4. Determine the ways of get bying among the parentsof particular kids Significance of the Study The chief purpose of the survey is find the perceptual experiences of the parents whose kid is either physically or mentally handicapped. Consequences of the survey will be good to the followers: Family members. Rearing a particular kid is a difficult undertaking that may take to a batch of emphasis on the portion of the parent particularly the female parent. Successful header is critical, and one manner of get bying includes acquiring information from professionals, other parents, and written resources in order to larn about kid ‘s disablement, how to pull off their behaviour and demands, and how to happen resources that may profit the kid. This survey will break fit household members in better header with the demands of holding a particular kid. Academe. The findings of the survey may besides function as extra research literature in the survey of emphasis. Students would besides go cognizant of the status of kids with disablements and their female parents. With this information, appropriate intercession will be administered. Particular instruction instructors. Particular pedagogues are cognizant of the importance of working with the households of particular kids and seek really difficult to do the lives of their pupils ‘ parents easier. It is hard for particular pedagogues to plan educational ends for pupils with disablements that are realistic to the household. It is hard because particular pedagogues have small cognition of the household ‘s experience on which to establish determinations. It is hard to accurately construe the parent ‘s experiences or understand the household ‘s ends for their kid because the experience of the household is unknown to particular pedagogues. Parents of kids with disablements. The parents of kids with disablements will be the chief donees from the consequences of the survey. The intercessions that will be drafted is hoped to bring forth positive results taking to healthy and loving households. Definition of footings Autism. This term refers to a disablement characterized by impaired societal interaction, communicating and restricted, insistent behaviour. Cerebral paralysis. This term refers to the group of non-progressive, non-contagious conditions that cause physical disablement. Down syndrome. This term refers to the familial upset causes by the presence of all or portion of an excess chromosome 21. Gross monthly household income. This variable refers to the monthly income of the household. Hearing damage. This term refers to full or partial lessening in the ability to observe or understand sounds. Learning disablement. This term refers to a group of upsets that affect ability to talk, listen, read, compose, spell, ground, and form information. Mental deceleration. This term refers to a generalised upset, characterized by below mean cognitive operation and shortages. Occupation. This variable refers to the agencies of support of the male parents and female parents in the survey. Type of disablement. This variable refers to the damage of the kid which could be larning disablement, hearing damage, ocular damage, mental deceleration, behavioural job, autism, address defect, and intellectual paralysis. Conceptual/theoretical Model Harmonizing to Hussain and Juyal ( 2007 ) , the birth of a kid well affects household kineticss. Parents and other household members foremost undergo alterations in order to accommodate to the force per unit area of holding a new member. If the new household member is found to be disabled, household kineticss will be deeply affected. A handicapped kid typically is characterized with behavioural extremes, which in most cases shape parent-sibling interactions. Therefore the kid requires particular attention and adjustments. Families of handicapped kids differ in their societal attitude, behaviour, and strength of relationship in contrast to households whose kids have no physical or mental disablement. Family attempts to first construct consciousness on the job confronted by the kid, acknowledge it, hunt for its cause, so research further for cogency. Though holding a handicapped kid does non needfully bring forth crisis in the household, the stigma of the disablement imposed by society has an piquing consequence on the parents and the household as a whole. Normally the reactions are rejection, backdown, heartache, guilt, incrimination, denial or credence. Marcelino ( 2009 ) wrote that parents undergo five stages when covering with kids with disablements in the household. The first stage is termed the daze phase which is typically the instantaneous response of a parent after the diagnosing of their kid. In this phase, the parent may be asleep and unable to integrate or recognize the graduated table of the event. Furthermore, the parent may be disorganized emotionally, confused, paralytic, dubious, and irrational. The 2nd is referred to as the reaction stage which ischaracterized by heartache, unhappiness, and anxiousness. Parents may sometimes experience helpless, lost, and highly insecure of themselves. Some would experience that their aspirations for their kids have disappeared. Others would fall back to self incrimination claiming the the disablement is because of hapless child-rearing patterns. They may linger in this phase for rather some clip and go submissive to their destiny. More normally, this is called â€Å" denial stage à ¢â‚¬  since both blaming and choler are usual parental responses. The version stage is the 3rd phase characterized by parents holding come to footings with their bereavement and heartache and going aspirant in inquiring for possible solutions. It besides means that the parentsare ready to continue and amenable to therapy options for the kid. Notably, the parent believes that the kid ‘s disablement does non present a major barrier to be overcome but the quality of the kid which could either be an plus or liability. In the 4th phase called the orientation stage, parents feel more optimistic. They start to take action by forming, seeking aid and information and be aftering the hereafter of the kid. They more comfortably seek the company of support groups in school. This last phase implies that parents are prepared to turn to the challenges inherent in the kid ‘s disablement. Part of the challenges they face is their instruction. TheA Education for All Handicapped Children ActA was enacted in 1975 by President Gerald Ford which modified and improved Education for All Handicapped Act of 1974. In the 1974 Act, Title VI was expanded and confirmed by the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act is besides referred to as Public Law 94-142. The creative activity of jurisprudence was an enterprise to supply educational chances to kids with disablements non decently educated.A PL 94-142 motivated provinces to bring forth patterns and policies that facilitate pupils ‘ demands. To accomplish this terminal, provinces are required by the Federal authorities to implement the following which included: 1.A Zero Reject and Free and Appropriate Public Education which means that every particular kid has the right to be given free and appropriate instruction in public schools ; 2. Nondiscriminatory Identification and EvaluationA is important at this point in clip since many pa rticular pupils were non being acknowledged as kids holding particular demands ; 3.A The aim of the Individualized Education ProgramA is the proviso of a particular and single meaningful instruction for every pupil with a disablement ; 4. Supply pupils with disablements a scene with the least restrictive environmentA as this optimally profit this group of pupils ; 5.A Provide every person the right to lawfully dispute disablement plans in a due procedure of jurisprudence ; 6.A Parents or important others are required to take part actively in the kid ‘s educational enterprises as pointed by Slavin ( 2006 ) and Hunt and Kirk ( 2005 ) . Enacted and authorized in 1990 and 1997, severally, the Persons with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) is a federal jurisprudence aimed at protecting pupils ‘ rights peculiarly those with disablements by guaranting they are provided with free and appropriate public instruction ( FAPE ) , despite the type of ability.A In add-on, IDEA does non merely strive toA every bit grant particular kids with educational chances but besides extra services in particular instruction every bit good as precautions in the process. A The services in particular instruction are individualized therefore they meet the demands alone to the kid with disablements and are implemented in an environment considered to be least restrictive. These services include the undermentioned: address, physical or occupational therapy, passage services, little group or single instructional, learning or curricular alterations and the similar. The proviso of these services is guided by an Individualized Education Progra m ( IEP ) which is seamster fitted to turn to the alone demands of single students.A A Children, three to 21 old ages old, who met the standards for eligibility in one of the 13 modification disablements, and necessitate specialised services due to the disablement can avail of the services under IDEA.A These disablements are considered: ocular damage such as sightlessness, traumatic encephalon hurt, linguistic communication or address damage, larning disablements, serious emotional perturbation, orthopedic damage, multiple disablements, mental deceleration, hearing damage, hearing loss, and autism. To measure up for the services, the pupil must possess the disablement adversely impacting school public presentation and necessitate particular instruction so that the appropriate instruction will be received. A Children measure uping the demands of IDEA will be given the adjustments and services tailored for their demands. Basically, IDEA states that when a kid is suspected to hold a di sablement, he or she is entitled to a comprehensive appraisal by a squad of experts from assorted subjects which is free of charge. If a particular instruction and related services are needed by the kid after thorough rating, the following measure is the execution of an Individual Education Plan ( IEP ) with mention to the kid ‘s specific needs harmonizing to the multidisciplinary squad along with the parents. Parents should function as advocators for their kid ‘s wellbeing so they become more cognizant of the adjustments and services he or she is needed of. The following are steps parents need to take to be effectual advocators: A 1. Parents should be armed with understanding sing the diagnosing of their kid, how it could impact or impact his or her educational calling and what possible class of action should be done to rectify the state of affairs ; 2. They should besides necessitate to understand the IEP of their kid. If parents have inquiries, they should non waver to inquire until the procedure will be wholly clear to them particularly how it will be helpful to the kid ‘s instruction. Parents should non subscribe the IEP unless they to the full understand and consent to its contents ; 3. It is besides of import for parents to hold a communicating with the kid ‘s instructor as instructors have the same concerns and challenges as parents. Parents should welcome any cha nce to discourse these affairs with the kid ‘s instructor ; 4. Any concern in footings of the academic public presentation or behaviour of the kid should be written. Parents can obtain these pieces of information from the school admin istators, instructors and other professionals ; 5. Parents should cognize their rights ; 6. Parents should actively fix their kid ‘s IEP or Section 504 program. They can supply suggestions or do their voices heard if they feel that an adjustment, nonsubjective or end is inappropriate ; 7.Parents need to carefully maintain records which could be ratings, advancement studies, communicating between the school and place, or any relevant written certification. Any missive sent to the school should be photocopied and maintain them in a well-organized mode ; 8. A healthy working relationship should be maintained between the parents and the school while strongly recommending for the public assistance of their kid ; 9. Any questions or concerns with respect to the kid ‘s advancement, IEP or 504 program should be communicated. Parents should put a meeting with the school to guarantee that they are updated and jointly address these concerns ; 10. Parents should steer and promote their kid to finish their prep every bit good as other undertakings in school. At present, the tendency in mental wellness research is the equal consideration on the saliency of the kid and whole household. Similarly, it is widely accepted in research that services should non merely be provided on the kid, but besides the household of the kid with disablement. Abundant research has demonstrated that parents whose kids are disabled are more stressed. However, literature has moreover shown that emphasis is non needfully a predictable result among these households ( Beresford, 1994 ) . In discoursing the subject of emphasis, it is indispensable to define the term â€Å" emphasis † . Lazarus ( 1999 ) as cited in Austin ( 2004 ) mentioned that the term has become a cant in several countries of research reflecting daily battles including anxiousness, depression, emotional hurt and the similar. Since the clip Selye coined the term, its definition has become the centre of argument ( Le Fevre, et Al. 2003 as cited in Austin, 2004 ) . Numerous definitions were presented concentrating on stressor, response, and mental and physical reactions triggered by the stressor ( Lazarus, 1999 ; Selye, 1993 ; Le Fevre, et Al. 2003 as cited in Austin, 2004 ) . Butler ( 1993 ) vividly presented these three definitions. In the first, emphasis is a consequence of overpowering force per unit area. When the sum of force per unit area increasingly becomes great, there is no uncertainty that the receiver will necessarily give and prostration. For the 2nd definition, emphasis is due to exposure to aversive stimulations which served as the chief thought of Selye whose measuring of emphasis is based on nervous system activity either on the sympathetic adrenal-medullary or pituitary-adrenal-cortical parts. Besides in his emphasis model is the general version syndrome ( GAS ) which is composed of three stages- dismay reaction, phase of opposition, and phase of exhaustion. The 3rd definition of emphasis lends a dynamic nature to emphasize w hich reflects the interplay of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. It was similarly maintained that cognitive factors play a important function in emphasis. In other words, an person ‘s appraisal of emphasis depends on his or her perceptual experiences of demands and resources. If a individual views his or her demands to be high and his or her resources are low, so it is really likely that the person will face emphasis. In connexion to this, another back uping theory is by Gallic et Al. ( 1974 ) which is the person-environment tantrum theory. It states that emphasis will be encountered if there is a mismatch between demands of the environment and personal properties. If a individual perceives that the undertaking in front is manageable, that he or she is able to carry through the undertaking, and is motivated towards its completion, so the individual will non see important sums of emphasis. The subject of emphasis is really well-studied and research on this respect has helped progress medical specialty, sociology, direction and psychological science ( Cummings & A ; Cooper, 1998 as cited in Austin, 2004 ) . In each of these subjects, emphasis theories and research methodological analysiss vary significantly sometimes taking to confusion ( Le Fevre, Matheny & A ; Kolt, 2003 as cited in Austin, 2004 ) . A cardinal to understanding stress research in all these subjects is the receiver ‘s perceptual experience while sing emphasis ( Goldberger & A ; Breznitz, 1993 as cited in Austin, 2004 ) . Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES The survey of Margalit, Raviv, and Ankonina ( 1992 ) observed that the header among parents whose kids were disabled were more avoidant thereby interrelatednesss with household members and personal growing is non really much emphasized. Miller et Al. ( 2002 ) studied the header of female parents of physically handicapped and non-disabled kids. The survey revealed that as extent of psychological hurt additions, get bying tended to be focused on emotions among female parents with particular kids. On the other manus, problem-focused header was correlated with a diminution in hurt. Both of the relationships were important after each type of stressor in parenting was controlled. The experiences of Chinese female parents in rearing a kid with Down syndrome were described by Lam and Mackenzie ( 2002 ) using a qualitative approaching among 18 respondents. In get bying with rearing emphasis, the female parents sought societal support, used autonomy and turning away schemes. In 2004, Virtanen and Moilanen demonstrated that female parents of kids with mental disablements coped actively by concentrating on the job and inquiring for aid from important others and the similar compared to the control female parents. Religion served as a get bying scheme among 12 parents whose kids had disablements. Interview excerpts showed assorted ways faith is utilized in get bying such as praying, go toing church, and believing certain spiritual philosophy were identified to be beginnings of strength and hope for the parents ( Bennett, Deluca, & A ; Allen, 2005 ) . Sari, Baser, and Turan ( 2006 ) investigated lived experiences of Turkish households holding kids with Down syndrome. Analysis was done qualitatively using interviews. Their research revealed that the presence of a kid with Down syndrome affected the households in the undermentioned facets, viz. societal, physical, economic, and emotional. In 2005, Hastings and co-workers implied that households with autistic kids employed four get bying schemes as follows: religious/denial header, positive header, problem-focused header, and active turning away header. Further analysis of collected informations strengthened the claim of possible gender differences in active turning away and problem-focused header. However, no grounds pointed out the type of get bying adopted by parents varied across age of the autistic kid. The findings of Gray ( 2006 ) showed that the figure of parents get bying by faith and other emotion-based schemes was higher compared to those trusting on the aid of particular instruction service suppliers, household support, invidualism, and societal backdown. Sen and Yurtserver in 2007 proved that the households they sampled had deficient cognition sing their kids ‘s disablement. Mothers were badly sad and claimed that their household relationships, employment, societal life, and fiscal capableness were affected significantly with holding a kid who is disabled. Among Chinese households, Chui and Chan ( 2007 ) found the frequent usage of reframing schemes while inactive assessment schemes were used irregularly. It besides appeared that the household members employed positive header mechanisms, which coincided â€Å" fatalistic voluntarism † , a alone Chinese emphasis get bying scheme. Chapter III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter explains the research methodological analysis of the survey. First explained is the research design, followed by respondents of the survey, research scene, informations assemblage process, research instrument, and statistical intervention. Research Design The chosen attack in the survey will be phenomenography ( Marton, 1981 ; Marton, 1986 ; Marton and Booth, 1997 ) which is aimed at placing in a qualitative attack the perceptual experiences of parents towards kids with disablements. While the phenomenon that the single encountered may be wholly alone and multifaceted, some characteristics will be common and this will link them jointly. While this proposed survey will affect merely a little sample, the research will be an of import instance of how phenomenography can be utilized in analyzing the experiences of parents in extraordinary state of affairss and place what is common and alone in the experiences. Respondents of the Study The sample will dwell of 20 female parents in the country. These female parents should be caring for kids with disablements. The ground for the pick of female parents to be cardinal sources is that they play a polar function towards kids with particular demands by being proactively involved in assorted support groups and point of contact by establishments and bureaus. The female parents will be selected in the survey if they have complied with the with the inclusion standards as follows: a occupant of the country and must hold a kid with particular demands aged five to 17. To carry through this, a snowball attack will be carried out. In a sweet sand verbena sampling, the research worker will be in contact with initial participants bring forthing extra topics ( StatPac, 2007 ) . Sampling of the research topics will be made possible with the cooperation of the particular instruction plans in the country. Data Gathering Procedure Datas assemblage in phenomenography will be done through interviews which allow participants to freely depict their experiences ( Ashworth & A ; Ducas, 2000 ) . In each interview session the undermentioned inquiries will be asked: â€Å" How did you experience when you discovered your kid has a disablement? â€Å" , â€Å" What are your experiences in rearing a particular kid? â€Å" , â€Å" How make you get by with holding a kid with particular demands? † Other guide inquiries will be tapped to find the nature and extent of support female parents receive from others either from immediate or extended household members every bit good as the community the parent lives. Prompts such as, â€Å" Can you give an illustration of that? † and â€Å" Can you tell me more about that? † will be used to arouse rich descriptions of their perceptual experiences. The female parents ‘ ain reading of any inquiries dictated the form, class, and content of the interviews. Datas Analysis Phenomenographic analysis is a holistic procedure. The critical characteristics of the phenomenon ( or phenomena ) under probe are represented as classs of description ( Akerlind, 2002 ; Ryan, 2000 ) which can non be known in progress but emerge from the information. First, the interview notes were reviewed and studied carefully. Afterwhich, the research worker organized them harmonizing to the specific jobs in the survey and from each job, several subjects emerged. Penetrations and accounts for such consequences were supplied to supply a better apprehension of the responses. Statistical Treatment Creswell ( 1994 ) said â€Å" A qualitative survey is defined as an enquiry procedure of understanding a societal or human job, based on constructing a composite, holistic image, formed with words, describing elaborate positions of sources, and conducted in a natural scene. Alternatively a quantitative survey inquires a human or societal job, based on proving a theory composed of variables, measured with Numberss, and analyzed with statistical processs, in order to find whether the prognostic generalisations of the theory clasp true. † In a qualitative design, respondents in the survey will be asked to associate their experiences so the phenomenon will be interpreted. The strength of this method lies in its ability to â€Å" supply complex textual descriptions of how people experience a given research issue † . Through this method, the human side of a research job is highlighted which could include emotions, positions, sentiments, beliefs, and behaviours. An advantage o f qualitative research is its usage of open-ended inquiries that provides chance for cardinal sources to freely show their responses in their ain footings instead than holding them encircle from fixed picks as is the instance of quantitative research. The usage of open-ended inquiries guarantee that the replies have significance and culturally relevant. Likewise the consequences are unanticipated by the research worker and provides a richer and explanatory position. In qualitative research, aggregation and analysis of informations are done at the same time and make non continue in a additive manner ( Merriam, 1998 ) . Methods of analysing informations entailed written text, coding and classification of interviews and field notes ( Sells & A ; Smith, 1997 ) . The informations decrease methods of Miles and Huberman ( 1994 ) will be used in the analysis of informations which will get down with categorizing and form matching, exposing informations in the signifier of matrices, and pulli ng decisions and verifying. Ryan and Bernard ( 2000 ) presented a cryptography strategy which involved abbreviations, cardinal words, and Numberss that mark transitions in the information set. Codes that portion in relationship and content are combined forming larger bunchs or classs. Once coding is applied, constructs begin to emerge which will so be further analyzed in footings of how it is linked to the theoretical model. Because the survey will analyse multiple instance surveies, within- and cross-case analyses will be carried out ( Merriam, 1998 ) to find the subjects that are common among all the instances considered. In the within-case analysis, each instance will be treated as comprehensive instance in and of itself. Data will be coded and subjects will be identified. Once analysis of each instance is completed, a cross-case analysis will be employed to find the common subjects in all the instances.

Tardiness: High School and Copyright

A. Background of the Study Tardiness has already become a habit of the high school students of Manresa school. Most of them come to school, attend their classes and scheduled appointments not on time. They all have their own reasons; traffic, working slow, waking up late, etc. Most of the students in Manresa School, are even residents of BF Homes. Some are even residing in the Manresa Village, and still, they are arriving late. They are residents who have been probably living in the village, or subdivision all their lives, who should have already put into consideration the usual problems they would encounter when they go to school.Many teachers get disappointed, but up to now, the students are still unaware of what they are doing. Tardiness is one of the most common causes that affect the lives of the high school students. But, how can tardiness really affect our lives as a student? Will it bring down our academic grades? This study will provide information about tardiness, what caus es it, the probable consequences of being tardy, and possible solutions to overcome, or at least help the High School students of Manresa School regarding their problem of being late. B.Statement of the Problem Prevention of tardiness among the high school students of Manresa School. C. Objectives of the Study At the end of the study, the group is expected to. . . 1. To find out why the high school students of Manresa school are tardy. 2. To prove that it is possible for the students to come to school and/or attend classes early. 3. To give solutions and prevent tardiness. D. Significance of the Study The study is very important because many people would be able to benefit from this study; namely, teachers and the tardy students themselves.During the course of this study, the group will be able to find out what the causes and effects this might have on not only the students, but also the teachers and staff. The study can also help those who are experiencing tardiness over and over a gain without being consciously aware of the reason, and may also help those who wish to conduct this kind of study in the future. The group can use this information to help anyone looking for psychological, physiological and social aspects of tardiness. Anyone who wants to know more about preventing someone from being late can make use of the information retrieved from this study.The professionals, not only the students can also experience being late. They will also be able to make use of the study, and this study can virtually benefit anyone who has to be somewhere at sometime. E. Scope and Limitation The study focuses on preventing tardiness among the high school students of Manresa school. It is a specific topic but still covers a lot of factors. The study covers ways and changes that Manresa School should follow in order to lessen the number of tardy students In order to prevent tardiness, the students must know its causes and effects in many ways.The study covers the tardiness in coming to school, attending classes and other important appointments, activities, etc. these factors are all important because the students of Manresa School should know what tardiness could do to them if it becomes a habit. F. Definition of Terms 1. Attendance (n) – the act of attending; number of persons present. 2. Authority (n) – to have the power and right to control, judge or prohibit the actions of others; to be in charge. 3. Awareness (n) – realization of something; consciousness. 4. Behavior (n) – manner of behaving or acting the aggregate of responses to nternal or external stimuli. 5. Consequence (n) – outcome; unpleasant result of an action. 6. Counsel (n) – a professional guidance service for individuals, applying the techniques of psychological testing. 7. Discipline (n) – the training of the mind and character; a branch of learning; a mode of life in accordance with rules, self-control; control, order, obedience to r ules. 8. Disturbance (n) – the act of disturbing, the state of being disturbed; commotion; something that disturbs. 9. Excessive (adj) – more than is acceptable : beyond what is considered acceptable, proper, usual or unnecessary 10.Excuse (v) – to pardon or overlook (a fault, offense, etc. ); to offer a reason or apology for (an error, fault, etc. ); to serve as a reason for; justify. 11. Habit (n) – a tendency to repeat an act again and again; a behavior pattern that has a degree of automatism. 12. Late (adj) – occurring after usual or expected time. 13. Manner (n) – a method of doing something; behavior; type or kind; habit; social behavior. 14. Misconduct (n) – formal word for improper behavior, especially by a professional person; dishonest management; improper behavior. 5. Offense (n) – the act of offending; a fault, sin or crime; the act of injuring another’s feelings; the state of being offended; assault or attac k in sports, the team members. 16. Policy (n) – any system of management based on self-interest as opposed to equity finesse in general; artifice. 17. Prevention (n) – act of intervening in order to prevent something; preventing or being prevented. 18. Procrastinate (v) – a formal word meaning to delay or put off to a later time. 19. Prolong (v) – to make longer in time; extend. 20.Responsibility (n) – the state if being responsible; ability to meet obligation, or to act without superior authority or guidance. 21. Sanction (n) – permission, approval; a penalty for breaking a law, deterrent. 22. Suspend (v) – to attach to some elevated point without support from below; to hold floating on or in a fluid, or as it on or in a fluid; to debar, usually for a time, from the exercise of an office or function or the enjoyment of a privilege. 23. Tardiness (n) – late, dilatory, overdue, delayed; slow, sluggish, leisurely, torpid. 24. Tar dy (adj. – not coming, happening etc. at the schedule or proper time; moving, acting at a slow pace. 25. Time management (n) – the concept of continuous existence; the past, present and the future ; a distinct moment or period. 26. Violation (n) – the act of violating or the state of being violated. Reference list – Anonymous. (2001). Absences, Tardiness, Excuses and Work Make-up. Retrieved August 8, 2009, from Madison city. Website: http://www. madisoncity. k12. al. us/Policies/Pages/J/JBD-Absences_Tardiness_Excuses_and_Work_Make-up. htm – Anonymous. (2009). Class tardiness.Retrieved August 8, 2009, from University Laboratory High school. Website: http://www. uni. uiuc. edu/policies/tardiness – Anonymous. (2009). Excessive tardiness in school. Retrieved August 8, 2009, from Lots of Essays. com. Website: http://www. lotsofessays. com/viewpaper/168107. html – Anonymous. (2009) School Tardiness and Absences can make A Child Fall Behind. Retrieved August 10, 2009, from New York Schools. Website: http://www. newyorkschools. com/articles/school-tardiness-and-absences-can-make-a-child-fall-behind. html – Anonymous. (2008). School Tardiness.Retrieved August 8, 2009, from Martinsville Bulletin. Website: http://www. martinsvillebulletin. com/article. cfm? ID=16932 – Anonymous. (2009). Student Tardiness and Absenteeism – A Cause for Concern. Retrieved August 9, 2009 from MTCutandPaste. com Website: http://www. mtcutandpaste. com/page. cfm? thispage=060810a2 – Anonymous. (2007) Tardiness hinders student and school success. Retrieved August 10, 2009, from Cowan Crier. Website: http://www. lausd. net/Cowan_EL/cowan%20crier/Nov%2007. pdf – Anonymous. (2002). Tardy Policy. Retrieved August 8, 2009, from the Paly Voice.Wesbite: http://voice. paly. net/view_story. php? id=2189 – Anonymous. (2003). Research on School Attendance and Tardiness. Retrieved August 12, 2009, from Google Answers . Website: http://answers. google. com/answers/threadview/id/214323. html – Anonymous. (2009). Tardiness. Retrieved August 8, 2009, from Agassi prep. Website: http://www. agassiprep. org/pdfs/tardy_policy. pdf – Anonymous. (1999). The New International Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus. Copyright: Trident Press International – Anonymous. (2007). Truancy and Tardiness. Retrieved August 8, 2009, from Fulton.Website: http://www. fulton. cnyric. org/policies/5000/5161. 0%20Truancy%20and%20Tardiness. pdf – Austin, M. (2003). Late For School. Copyright: Peachtree Pub Ltd – Bishop, A. (2008) Tardiness. Retrieved August 10, 2009, from a teacher grows in Chicago. Website: http://ashleyltt. blogspot. com/2008/03/tardiness. html – Burningham, J. (2008). John Patrick Norman McHennessy – The Boy Who Was Always Late. Copyright: Alfred a Knopf Inc – Cayne, B. (1989). The New Lexicon Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language. Copyright: Lexicon Publications, Inc.USA – Cosby, B. (1999). My Big Lie. Copyright: Scholastic – Friedrich, O. (2002). The Easter Bunny That Overslept. Copyright: Harpercollins Children’s Books – Geddes, Grosset. (2002). Universal Dictionary and Thesaurus. Copyright: Poland – Gray, P. (2006). Psychology. Copyright 41 Madison Ave. , New York: Worth Publishers – Gross, R. (2005). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior. Copyright: Hachette Livre, UK: Hodder Arnold Publishers – Guthridge, B. Clark, M. (1999). Lucky Last Luke. Copyright: Sundance – Hargreaves, R. (2008). Little Miss Late.Copyright: Publisher: Price Stern Sloan – King, J. L. (2007). CP Time: Why Some People are Always Late. Copyright: Strebor Books Intl – Kirschner, R. Brinkman, R. (2001). Life by Design. Copyright: MC Grawltill Book Co. – Lachtman, O. (2008). Icy Watermelon / Sandia Fria. Copyright: Pinata Books – Landau, S. (2006) . Webster’s Dictionary Thesaurus and Atlas. Copyright: Typhoon International Corp. – Lindenfield, G. (2000). Self Motivation: Revised Edition. Copyright: Caledonian International Book Manufacturing ltd, Glasgow – Newman, L. Ferguson, P. (2007).The Boy Who Cried Fabulous. Copyright: Tricycle Pr – Nichols, W. Stebbens, S. Bunning, C. (2001). Random House Wesbter’s Unabridged Dictionary. Copyright: USA – Nissman, B. (2008). Teacher-Tested Classroom Management Strategies. Copyright: Merril – Mayer, J. (1999). Time Management for Dummies: 2nd Edition. Copyright: Hungry Minds, Inc. – McDonald, C. (2009). Getting Students â€Å"In School, ON TIME, everyday. † Retrieved August 8, 2009, from National Association of Elementary Principals. Website: http://www. naesp. org/resources/2/Leadership_Compass/2008/LC2009v6n3a3. pdf

Principles And Values That Underpin Health Care Essay

This week I spent time at Kings College hospital in order to understand the ethical considerations of a nurse’s job. â€Å"As a nurse at Kings College Hospital you have to take into account Ethical Considerations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ in my interview with Sister Malcolm we will be discussing ethical considerations like right to life, social justice, person-centred approach, the expectations of individuals receiving the service, empathy, honesty and adherence to codes of practice and policies and seeing how they impact her job. Right to life means the right to live, as a nurse right to life means preserving some one’s life for as long as possible even if they want to die. For example, all nurses and doctors at Kings College hospital should do everything they can to keep a person alive if it’s possible. But things like a ‘DNR’ (do not resuscitate) form make it impossible for a doctor to save someone’s life No doctors would help a person die because it is illegal to have euthanasia in the UK. Some people who wish to end their lives have  gone to Switzerland to end their lives in utter peace. A person-centred approach means an approach to assessment of need that puts the individual at the centre of the process and is based on their views and wishes. For me as a nurse a person-centred approach or as we say ‘patient-centred approach’ means making sure my patient comes first, that they are comfortable system that creates a fair, honest and equal society. As a nurse this means treating all your patients equally as well as colleagues no matter of their ethnicity, religion or culture. For example all patients are included in decisions about their health, such as which hospital they receive their treatment at. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another, in my line of work we have to be sympathetic and have empathy towards all our patients no matter our opinion on the situation, whilst being empathetic. At King’s College Hospital the staff must remain professional at all times but  they say that it’s hard not to empathise with some patients especially when you see that they are distressed and don’t know how to deal with a situation. Honesty means the quality of being honest this means at every point and aspect of my job I have to be honest. Doctors have to be completely honest with all their patients as not giving them all the information could put them in danger they have to tell them what the problem is exactly and explain it and they have to inform them of what treatments are available. Adherence to codes of practice and policies this is the foundation of nursing, they are the rules we abide by in order to keep ourselves and our patients safe, this is called safeguarding, the codes of practice are; make your patients your first concern/priority, provide a high standard of practice and care at all times and you must be accountable for your actions, these are the key tools in my profession if I couldn’t abide by these rules then there would be no hope for me. The expectations of individuals receiving the service these are the expectations of which the service provider should deliver as a service user to be treated with respect, to be treated as an individual, to not be discriminated against, to be allowed access to information about themselves, to be able to communicate using their preferred method of communication and language, cared for in a way that meets their needs and takes into account their personal choices. However all patients need to be treated as an individual. This means that they want to be treated as a person and have their needs seen to and not feel like their part of a mass operation, and that their needs aren’t being met. For example making sure a patient receives a meal option suited to their diet. For instance if their vegetarian they are given a vegetarian option. At Kings College Hospital, all service users are allowed to access information about themselves. The Freedom of Information Act states that all patients are allowed access to their personal health records. For example,  if a service user is applying for a job, their GP may be asked to provide details to their new employers to see if they are eligible for the job. All patients are entitled to privacy this is to ensure that they are comfortable at all times, for example if the patient has to change into a gown for examination the nurse/doctor should leave the room to so to protect both the patient and the nurse/doctor, this is also a sign of respect for the patient and it makes them feel like their needs are being met. Communication is another key point between the service user and the service provider patients should be communicated with in their preferred language this will make sure everything runs smoothly and for example if you had someone come in that was hearing-impaired then there should be someone on hand that can sign this make the service user feel like he/she is being cared for and that they have equal opportunities. Both service users and service providers have the right to be in a safe environment and to be protected from any harm; this means that King’s College have an enforced health and safety policy. This outlines the rules and regulations, and the actions that need to be taken if there is an accident. At Kings College hospital support in a way that meets their needs and takes account of their choices is when the service user has enough confidence to express their feelings or share information with the service provider. It is important for service providers to provide active support to help people communicate what their needs are. In order to overcome this, they could provide a questionnaire, for the patient to fill out and give feedback about how the service/treatment they received was and if they received the amount of care that they needed. At Kings College they believe that all patients have the right to be treated in a dignified way this is because they have the right to feel respected and taken care of, if they feel disrespected or vulnerable then they may not want to open up about their medical problem and this may stop them from  receiving the treatment that they need. Disclosure is the passing of information between healthcare professionals, for example your GP passing on information to your hospital doctor so they can give you the right treatment. However if the patient disagrees with this and the nurse still shares the patients information, this is known as breaching confidentiality. This can have a negative impact on not only the service provider but the health care service as a whole. For example as a precaution GP’s are no longer a loud to leave messages on your phone regarding your health. Confidentiality is keeping information private and not disclosing it to anyone else apart from those involved in the patients care. It is key when working with service users within the health and social care sector. However if the doctor/nurse gives out private information about the patient, then there will be serious consequences. This refers to The Requirements of the Freedom of Information Act. This is a legislation that patients have the right to look at information about their selves. Another part of confidentiality is If a person comes to the hospital with bruises and marks on their skin, then the service provider knows that their something wrong. However if the service user tells the nurse/doctor what has been happening and they say that the service provider shouldn’t tell, they will need to tell social services and this can cause tension between rights of patients and the responsibilities of the service provider. Information of patients is kept on computers as well as on paperwork and files. Whichever way the information is stored, it needs to be stored in a safe place, where no one has access to it, that way it remains confidential. They need to make sure that the file can be retrieved when needed. The use of communication to support diversity, inclusion and promote equality of opportunity is important when working in a hospital; this allows the hospital to accommodate for people of all ethnicities, ages, sex etc†¦ this could be posters and signs in different languages to providing food to cater for vegans. This promotes equality amongst the service users because they  feel like their individual preferences and needs are being met. The requirements of the Data Protection Act 1998 that all information is securely kept so that that only those that need to access it can because otherwise it would conflict with the requirements of the Freedom of Information Act 2005 this is the freedom for service users to have access to their medical notes if requested at any time, they cannot be withheld. Dealing with tensions between rights and responsibilities is a tough decision to be made by a medical professional; because if a patient comes into the hospital with bruises and tells you that they are being abused and they ask you to keep it a secret then as their healthcare provider you cannot do this even though it’s a breach of patient doctor confidentiality but as a healthcare provider you have to inform the correct authorities so they can take action and this can cause tension between rights and responsibilities. The Importance of accurate recording, storage and retrieval of information (including electronic methods), filing correctly and securely is important in the healthcare service because this is confidential information about individuals, and they have entrusted you with this information, so it should be stored in safe place and be able to be accessed easily by the right individuals if needed. These documents should be filled in a secure facility preferably in more than one place so that if one set is destroyed there is another. It is Important that workers make sure they make accurate recordings and Information on patients is kept on computers as well as on paperwork and files. Provision of active support to enable people who use services to communicate their needs, views and preferences away in which the patient can put their views across is buy putting suggestions in a suggestion box, filling out a questionnaire or posting a complaint if the problem is serious and needs to be dealt with straight away, and offer a resolution for the problem. The hospital will promote equality of opportunity. This means they give everyone the opportunity to voice their opinions in hospitals they have posters and leaflets all around the building in many different languages. Another part of being a nurse means respecting, and treating patients equally and not being discriminated against this is important because we want patients to feel comfortable and like they trust the nurses and doctors who are caring for them, all patients no matter the gender, sexuality, race etc†¦ will be treated equally and receive the same care and support.

Reflection on CORE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection on CORE - Essay Example ritically read a text, I always come up with different meanings and this helps me to grasp the context of what the writer would be intending to convey to the readers. I have observed that there can be different meanings attached to a certain reading and this can only be possible if you read the text critically. This helps the reader to criticise some of the ideas portrayed by the writer. However, the major disadvantage I can talk about is that the core has a lot of work to do. A lot of essays need to be written and I at times find it difficult to complete them since some topics do not fit in the subject area under discussion. The other important core topic I have learned pertains to ethics and environment. Our life is mainly shaped by the environment in which we live since we obtain all the basic needs that sustain our lives from it. There is a strong relationship between human kind and the environment. The other important issue I have learned is that our actions often impact on the environment and it should be our responsibility to ensure that we do not harm it. The more we act negatively, the more we cause harm to the environment. Therefore, the major lesson I have learnt from this core is that it is our responsibility to protect the environment for the benefit of the future generations to enjoy the same environment. Due to improved communication technology, I have discovered that we are now living in what is commonly known as the global village. As a result of globalisation, people from different parts of the globe can engage in business and it is also possible to communicate instantaneously as a result of the improved communication and technology. Globalization has greatly helped to promote trade among nations and this is beneficial to different countries. It also helps to promote culture exchange where people from different parts of the globe can benefit from the cultures of other countries. However, the only negative aspect about globalization is that some

Free Trade For Developing Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Free Trade For Developing Countries - Essay Example Before delving into the arguments concerning free trade in developing countries, it is important to define what exactly free trade is. Free trade refers to unrestricted international trade. In other words, it is trade free from barriers such as subsidies, tariffs, quotas as well as NTB’s (Non-Tariff Barriers) (Neale, 2010). Thus, free trade is based on the principles of free markets and prices under free trade are determined by demand and supply. Furthermore, the principles of Comparative Advantage, as laid down by David Ricardo, govern free trade (Victor, 2002). Free trade assumes perfect information between buyers and sellers and free movement of labor and capital. The arguments that tilt in favor of free trade for developing countries are based on economic, social and moral grounds. This is best illustrated by the case of Jordan and U.S. Jordan is categorized as a developing nation with a limited local market and surrounded by various other developing economies, thus limiti ng opportunities for its market growth (Victor, 2002). Without exports, there is limited potential for market growth for the country. However, if it enters into free trade agreements with developed nations such as the U.S, it can enjoy access to a much larger market which shall lead to greater utilization of the Jordan’s potential source of comparative advantage than without trade where resources would lay idle (Victor, 2002). To this end, free trade encourages a fuller utilization of a developing country’s resources than would otherwise be possible. Research conducted by Frankel and Romer are suggestive of the fact that free trade brings about a rise in income or GDP whether it is within the region nor international (Victor, 2002). Countries that have large domestic markets tend to support large interregional trade, and thus have higher income levels compared to small countries. These researchers have justified free trade for developing countries on the grounds that t he â€Å"exports† component of trade proves to be an engine of growth for the country (Victor, 2002). By gaining access to foreign markets, such countries can benefit from increased efficiency due to optimal size of the plant and gains from economies of scale that cannot be reaped from their local markets (Victor, 2002). The theory pertaining to international trade suggests that specialization ought to be done by countries in which they have a comparative advantage compared to their partners in trade. The Factor-Endowment theory proposed by the Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) model incorporates the theory of comparative advantage (Victor, 2002). However, a potential disadvantage of this model is that it simplistically assumes that all countries have similar production technologies as well as similar customer tastes and preferences (Victor, 2002). Although true for nations at the same level of economic development or those enjoying similar cultural, religious affiliations, this assumpti on does not hold true for majority of the cases (Victor, 2002). The assumptions certainly do not hold true for trade between developed and developing nations. In case of developing countries, the concept of free markets is often aborted when forces such as corruption, bribery, uncertainty, lack of transparency and lack of opportunities can hamper productivity (Victor, 2002). However, to this end the H-O model, which forms the basis of free trade, has been reformed to

A Reflective Analysis on the Assessment and Management for ankle Essay

A Reflective Analysis on the Assessment and Management for ankle injury - Essay Example The placement experience obtained through patient assessments and management resulted into a better nursing intervention based on the pre-existing nursing knowledge for the future improvements. According to National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004), reviews ankle joint injuries management in healthcare facility as a nursing responsibility aimed restoring the physiological function of the a ankle joint after an accident or injury has occurred. For the future practice, the nurses should reflect on the clinical experiences, concepts and understandings during the ankle injury assessment and management an adaptive response of care. Therefore, for this reflective analysis, the GIBBS model of reflection is used serving as a turning point in of ankle injury and related risks conditions assessment and management reflective analysis. GIBBS model of reflective analysis is a model of choice since it links the trainee nurses to their nursing practice, supervisors and their patients providing a systematic reflective of all the procedures and processes that were conducted in my nursing practice. For confidentiality and privacy of my nursing training experience, the name of the client, health facility, and the location has been made anonymous based on the reflective analysis for nurses’ survival in the word (Richards & Edwards, 2012). Ankle sprains are the most common sporting and UCC injuries anatomically and physiologically occurring as the tearing of bone-bone ligaments connection that stabilizes the ankle joint. My mentor reminded me that, the ankle injury causes destabilization of the hinge joint formed by fi bula, tibia and the talus bones resulting in structural disarrangement, fractures and deformity of the bones and ligaments around the ankle joint. Through the department orientation I learned that, the risks factors for the ankle joint injuries in United Kingdom are

The Playlist of Classical Music with Details Essay

The Playlist of Classical Music with Details - Essay Example The Toccata was a fixture in Baroque music meant to demonstrate a player's dexterity on the keyboard. Bach's Toccata in D minor opens with single-voice ornaments played in the upper ranges of the keyboard. (Druckenbrod) A motif doubled at the octave, is reiterated throughout the parallel major section of the piece. This toccata is strewn with finger-taxing ornaments and flourishes so typical of the Baroque era. The fugue was also the form of choice during the Baroque era and Bach is touted as one of the best fugue writers. A fugue is contrapuntal with room for free counterpoint within the framework (Libbey, 247). Bach's Fugue in D minor exemplifies his brilliance in scoring multiple voices, interweaving melodies made up of 16th notes above an implied pedal point. Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor are on this playlist because they are outstanding examples of two forms particularly important to the Baroque era, illustrate the development of tonality in this era with Bach's use of key s, particularly in the fugue, and demonstrate the emotional and dynamic range available to the Baroque composers. Bach had an indelible effect on the development of music and definitely deserves to be included in the time capsule. Vivaldi: Concerto No. 1 in E major, Op. 8, Spring: Allegro (1725). Antonio Vivaldi's (1678-1741) The Four Seasons is one of the earliest examples of program music. The Four Seasons is a group of concertos for solo violin, string quartet and basso continuo – typical of the Baroque era. Inspired by a set of four sonnets, these works demonstrate virtuosity in all players but especially the soloist. The first movement Allegro from the Spring concerto is perhaps the most famous movement and one of the most demanding scores for the players (Gengaro). The first movement of Spring makes immediate use of the terraced dynamics typical of Baroque; a loud opening sequence followed by a quieter passage and then again a louder one with clear dynamic divisions. Th e melodic lines, particularly in the solo violin, are ornamented with trills and mordents typical of the Baroque era's indulgence in ornamentation. The solo violin triplet flourishes above the agitated 32nd notes of the quartet require virtuosity while also depicting the mounting anticipation as spring becomes summer, as the world shakes off winter in the programmatic style typical of later eras. This work, while still exemplary of the Baroque era, also hints at the future of music, moving away from the Baroque absolute to the new and programmatic thus making this piece by Vivaldi a necessary inclusion in the time capsule. Handel (1685-1759) composed this orchestral suite for the entertainment of George I played from a barge on the river Thames. The 50 piece ensemble included the first use of French horns in English music (Libbey, 953). The second suite in D major consists of 5 movements. By tradition, Baroque suites consist of various dance movements, each in the same key. The seco nd dance from suite no. 2, also known as Alla Hornpipe, is the movement chosen for time capsule inclusion.  

World War 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World War 1 - Essay Example In May 1915, a German submarine successfully sank a British ocean liner â€Å"Lusitania† and killed approximately 128 U.S citizens out of the total 1,200 individuals who were in the ocean liner. Even after this event, the United States still remained neutral but they kept on assisting the Allies materially. On the other hand, the Americans viewed the Germans as aggressors. This is because they used U-boats and submarines to attack the ships which were carrying relief aid to the Allies. Their main aim was to starve the British and force them to surrender. The Americans also felt connected to the citizens of Great Britain because of their cultural similarities. After the sinking of Lusitania, the Americans faced a national security threat, hence; most of the citizens urged the government to join forces with the Allied Powers to fight against the Germans. The main cause of the war was because the British intercepted a telegram from the Germans. This telegram was being sent to the Mexican Government. The telegram was named after its sender Arthur Zimmerman. The Zimmerman telegram noted that Mexico was to declare war on America in order to conquer states such as New Mexico, Arizona and Texas in case there was a war between Germany and USA. Research also asserts that the involvement of the United States in World War I was attributed by propaganda from both sides. The US president did not want to get involved with the war but, when Teddy Roosevelt made a decision for running for presidency, Wilson felt threatened, and he announced that there was a high possibility of the country going to war. The main aim of President Wilson was to enhance safety in the world and promote democracy in the United States. Thus, the United States of America declared war against German on 6th April, 1917. Question b: Why did the Allies win World War I? World War I comprised of two powerful forces. The Allies comprised of Poland, the United Kingdom, China, France, United States and t he Soviet Union among other countries. Research asserts that the Allies won World War I because they were more powerful and prepared as compared to the Central Powers. It is quite clear that World War I was an attrition war and Germany lacked most of the resources at the end. The British had blocked all the supplies. The Allies had also waited to for the United Stated to join the war. The United States facilitated the win after they deployed new technological weapons which were used in the warfare against the Central Powers. On the other hand, the Allies had enough resources from the United States. This that the USA played a significant role in World War I. Germany was equipped with a massive army, therefore; they were destined to lose due to scarcity of resources. After 1914, the German army gave up the plan to the Allies who were located on the Western front. In this period, the Allies made several mistakes, which led to numerous deaths. In 1918, they united together and deployed new tactics, which involved the use of tanks and airplanes in the war. The use of this machinery significantly overpowered the Germans who were underdeveloped in terms of technology. The ultimate defeat of the Germans was enhanced by the blockage of German ports by the British. This led to the German Revolution and the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm. The Germans had also lost the war after the failure of the Schlieffen Plan. Various scholars claim that the Allies were able to win the war because the Germans did not have adequate food and resources to sustain them in the warfare. Question c: What were the goals and terms of Wilson’s 14 Points and Versailles Treaty? On 8th January, 1918, President Wilson

Provide an economic analysis of Netflix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Provide an economic analysis of Netflix - Essay Example Netflix drives its revenues from two sources: monthly subscriptions from users who can instantly stream TV shows and movies over the internet and delivery of DVDs and Blu-ray discs to customers’ homes. The major cost components or Netflix include fixed-fee licenses, revenue shared and direct purchases made from studios and other content providers. The company also has to spend money in maintaining its streaming services through Amazon Web Services and Content Delivery Networks. There are many factors that impact the supply and demand of the company’s business. One of the primary factors determining demand is the economic situation. The demand also depends on the quality of content produced. As can be seen from the list of competitors, all the competitors have a different unique characteristic in the way they are providing entertainment video to the customers. While cable providers and direct-to-home service providers offer a fixed list of entertainment videos on a monthly fees, internet based content providers provide customers which is more similar to Netflix. The other competitors are retailers which provide entertainment videos to customers through brick and mortar shops. This can be said to be a monopolistic competition. Monopolistic competition can be defined as the market structure where there are many sellers of the same commodity but there is a slight difference in the way the service is provided (Jain & Ohri, 249). Although there are many companies that provide similar service to customers, however, none of the companies providing online companies have been able to come close to Netflix in areas of market share or revenue. Thus, the company is having significant market power and drives the market. The company has been very successful in increasing its subscriber base over the period of time. It had a total subscriber base of 20 million at the end of 2010. The company’s revenue was $2.16

Improving the Application Availability with ISO 9001 Research Paper

Improving the Application Availability with ISO 9001 - Research Paper Example This paper will address the aspects of ISO 9001 that serve to improve the performance of applications. 2. Introduction The current times can be termed as the technological era where software and application development has greatly improved the mode of business. However, the development of software to fulfill some specific need is not the sole purpose of the matter. The quality and reliability of the software also play vital roles in the provision of any service. It is due to this reason that several standards and guidelines have been formulated to judge the productivity and quality of any software. ISO 9001 is one of such standards that can provide complete guidance for production and maintenance processes. The conformance to the standard facilitates the improvement of the application availability. 3. Research Methods Descriptive approach has been adapted in the research study of the respective title. The requirements of the ISO 9001 standard have been studied and their impact on the productivity of the resultant service and application. An ISO 9001 compliant IT company was chosen to further investigate the impact of the adoption of the respective standard on the quality of products and services. 4. Analysis ISO 9001 is a comprehensive set of guidelines that form the basis of compliance for any organization that wishes to become certified with these standards. ISO 9001 focuses on the formulation of a quality management system that helps the organization to fulfill the requirements of the customers in an effective manner. These standards are regularly revised by the International Standards Organization to ensure that they comply with the continuing changes in the markets trends and technologies. The latest version of ISO 9001:2008 has lessened the main categories from 25 to only 5. According to International Organization for Standardization (2011), the 5 main clauses are; Quality Management System Management Responsibilities Resource Management Product Realizati on Measurement analysis and improvement 4.1 Analysis of an ISO 9001 Compliant Company Amadeus is a well renowned solution provider for the travel industry for the effective management of services. They are known to provide the solutions to some of the well known names in the travel industry. According to Amadeus IT Group SA (2008); the company has possessed a continuing commitment to the incorporation of technology in their business processes and operations; this earned them the ISO 9001:2000 certification in 2000. Amadeus has been one of the first companies of its kind to realize the importance of complying with the ISO standards and finally attained it in the beginning of the present century. They improved their services and infrastructure to comply with the standards of the certification. As a result of the compliance, their systems and customer service witnessed many benefits. The standard has facilitated the development and maintenance of solutions that are able to improve the operations of their clients’ businesses, increase their productivity and profits, earn greater market share etc. 5. Argument Approaches According to Microsoft Corporation (n.d.); application availability is considered to be the promptness of a software or platform to cater to the demands of the user with the desired reply or results. High application

Market Structure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Market Structure - Research Paper Example PERFECT COMPETITION: Firms operating under perfect competition essentially rest upon four primary assumptions, the first of which is that since there are several firms operating under this model the significance of their output from a perspective of the entire industry supply is unimportant which means that such firms do not have the capability to influence the price of the product, therefore, at the market price perfect competition firms are said to experience perfectly elastic demand. Henceforth, this phenomenon postulates that perfect competition firms are price takers (Mankiw, 2011). The second assumption of the model of perfect competition relates to the freedom of entry into the industry or whether there is existence of any barriers to entry or exit. In this scenario, new firms do not face any lack of restrictions if they wish to enter the industry, however, the concept of freedom of entry is said to be applicable in the long-run owing to the period it takes to establish an org anization (Sloman, 2006). A fundamental assumption of the model relates to product homogeneity within the industry, this concept is based upon the idea that all businesses supply products that are identical (Sloman, 2006). Lastly, it is supposed that buyers and sellers have perfect knowledge regarding the market such as price, quality and costs. The profit maximizing output of the firm occurs at the intersection of Marginal Cost and Marginal Revenue where, MC = MR (Sloman, 2006). Therefore, when P = MC firms in perfect competition are economically efficient, where allocative efficiency occurs when consumer as well as producer surplus is at its maximum and productive efficiency occurs because the firm’s equilibrium output in the long-run is established where the businesses’ average cost is the least. The quantity of firms in the short run varies as firms leave or come into the industry, if it is understood that the costs of the firms experience no change the exit of som e firms will lead to generation of abnormal profit or supernormal profit where AR>AC. In the long-run however, the attraction of abnormal profits will cause firms to enter the industry because of no barriers to entry or exit thereby, bringing the state of the market back to equilibrium at a point on the LRAC curve which is the least, causing firms to make normal or zero economic profit such that the long-run equilibrium occurs where P = AR = LRAC = LRMC = MR (Stanlake & Grant, 2000). Due to obvious factors relating to the model of perfect competition it can be concluded that most firms are not audacious in terms of taking risks. The instability of demand therefore, causes perfectly competitive firms to diversify which leads to intra-industry trade and if the condition of elastic demand is fulfilled such exchange of identical commodities on an international scale proves to be beneficial for both the countries and firms involved (Cukrowski & Aksen, 2003). Hypothetically, the economic efficiency of perfectly competitive firms would indicate that government regulation is not required in such a model but in the short-run government intervention might be needed to control prices if firms are generating supernormal profits, however, the primary premise remains that in a perfectly competi

Biblical rationale for koinonia Essay Example for Free

Biblical rationale for koinonia Essay The term ‘Koinonia’, a Greek word, occurs around 20 times in New Testament. Each of these verses give one or more aspects of the Koinonia as implied by the original Greek term. Koinonia is mostly translated in English New Testament as ‘Fellowship’. The meaning of the Greek word takes many forms – Fellowship, close relationship, participation, gift, companion, partner and sharer. 1 Koinonia first occurs in Acts 2: 42. â€Å"They devoted themselves to the apostles teaching and to the fellowship, to the breaking of bread and to prayer. † 2 Some of the important passages are, â€Å"We proclaim to you what we have seen and heard, so that you also may have fellowship with us. And our fellowship is with the Father and with his Son, Jesus Christ. † 3 â€Å"If we claim to have fellowship with him yet walk in the darkness, we lie and do not live by the truth. † 4 â€Å"But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus, his Son, purifies us from all sin. † 5 â€Å"May the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all. † 6 â€Å"For what do righteousness and wickedness have in common? Or what fellowship can light have with darkness? † 7 â€Å"If you have any encouragement from being united with Christ, if any comfort from his love, if any fellowship with the Spirit, if any tenderness and compassion, then make my joy 1. Richard J. Goodrich, Albert L. Lukaszewski, A Reader’s Greek New Testament (Michigan: Zondervan, 2003),375-376. 2. Acts 2:42 3. 1 John 1:3 4. 1 John 1:6 5. 1 John 1:7 6. 2 Corinthians 13:14 7. 2 Corinthians 6:14 1 complete by being like minded, having the same love being one in spirit and purpose. † 8 â€Å"I want to know Christ and the power of his resurrection and the fellowship of sharing in his sufferings, becoming like him in his death. † 9 A care full reading of these passages denote Koinonia to mean, fellowship, fellow ship with fellow humans, fellowship with the Triune God – God the father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit, common attribute – holiness, common bond – Love, like minded, one in Spirit and purpose, and the purpose of this fellowship is to become like Christ. This fellowship is possible only with similar characteristics – purity, which is made possible by the blood of Jesus Christ, our Redeemer. Fellowship with Christ means in Pauline thought, being in Christ, in Christ’s words, being in Christ to give fruits. This term is associated with the church. Bible says Church is the body of Christ. 10 Church is not the making of men but it is the creation of our Lord. God is the author of the church. So also Koinonia is not of men but it is the gift of God. It is evident then that the fellowship meant by the term Koinonia denotes the fellowship between the members of the church and that with Christ. Koinonia is brought into the church by the Holy Spirit and with out God the Trinity present in the church, there is no koinonia worth mentioning. It can be said, Koinonia is the God’s plan for the church. God wants fellowship with His created beings and also wants that fellowship to permeate among his created beings. The Koinonia – Fellowship with God has a definite purpose, entails participation in God’s plan and being partner and sharing in his work- his vine yard.   8. Philippians 2:1, 2 9. Philippians 3:10 10. Ephesians 5:24-32 The concept of Missions ensues from the study of Koinonia. We can clearly see this concept through out Bible. Fellowship with God Creation scenario. In Genesis, we see God creates all the universe and Adam. God wanted Adam to have fellowship. God and Adam had fellowship. But when sin entered humanity, effecting the fall of man, Adam wantonly got away from the presence of God and the agony and anguish inflicted on God is reflected by God’s question â€Å"Adam ,where are you? †11 Fall of man. The consequence of sin is the loss of Fellowship with God. The corollary of this is the loss of fellowship among human beings as depicted by the Cain-Abel episode. Instead of loving fellowship- Koinonia, there arose jealousy, hatred, and enmity resulting in murder. When God asked Cain , â€Å"where is your brother, Cain lied, saying I don’t know. He even protested saying, am I his keeper? a reckless answer. Sin breeds lies and recklessness. The scenario was continuing and the mankind was estranging from God’s intended purpose of creation, kindling the indignation of God, resulting in the deluge during Noah’s time. But there are instances of people having fellowship with God like Enoch and Noah. Life of Enoch. It is written in Bible, that Enoch walked with God while living in this world. God took him at his 365th age. Enoch’s life illustrates a life of constant and continuous fellowship with God. Life of Noah. Noah lived a life pleasing to God denoting the fellowship he had with God. God was communicating with Noah and Noah was responding to God’s instructions and doing the work God had given to him. Fellowship entails partnership and participation of the God’s plan. Call of Abraham. God called Abraham to follow him and Abraham faithfully followed him. Godetween God and Abraham seen in this passage is a fine example of Fellowship – close relationship between God and Abraham. God wanted to bless the whole world through Abraham and reestablish the lost fellowship between God and humanity. The chosen tribe of Israel, with whom God wanted to establish fellowship, is the descendant of Abraham. The nation of Israel. The nation of Israel is the chosen one for establishing God’s fellowship with humanity. God wanted to bless the whole nations of the world through Israel. God blessed Egypt through Joseph. He blessed Babylon through Daniel. God planted his presence among Israel during their sojourn in wilderness, all through day and night. God communicated with Moses face to face, just like a friend. Moses had good fellowship with God. The nation of Israel was not faith full all the time and sinned against God. Sin estranges God’s people from God and the fellowship is lost. God wanted to reestablish the fellowship and he raised many prophets to give clarion call and to bring back people to his fold. Prophets. The mind of God is clearly depicted in the messages of the prophets. Through Isaiah God laments, â€Å"I reared children and brought them up, but they have rebelled against me. † 13 Fellowship is lost when there is rebellion, â€Å"The Ox knows his master, the donkey his owner’s manger, but Israel does not know, my people do not understand. † 14 Fellowship is lost when there is no understanding, when there is loss of communication. God laments through Prophet Jeremiah, â€Å"†¦what fault did your fathers find in me that 12. Genesis 18: 17-33 13. Isaiah 1: 2 14. Isaiah 1: 3 they strayed so far from me? †15 God anguishes, â€Å"my people have committed two sins: they have forsaken me, the spring of living water, and have dug their own cisterns, broken cisterns that cannot hold water. † 16 God is the living water, but the nation of Israel have opted the worldly things instead of God, showing that the fellowship with God is lost when the close relation ship with him is lost. God says, Israel has forgotten him, â€Å"Does a maiden for get her Jewelry, a bride her wedding? yet my people have forgotten me with out number. † 17 God says, â€Å"My people are fools, they do not know me. They are sense less children; they have no understanding they are skilled in doing evil they know not how to do good. † 18 When the fellowship with God is lost, knowledge of God and understanding of God’s ways are lost, and the ability to perform good works glorifying God is also lost. In all these passages God complains of the loss of fellowship with his chosen people. But God longs to re establish the lost relationship. God says, Return faithless Israel†¦ I will frown on you no longer, for I am merciful, I will not be angry for ever†¦for I am your husband. I will choose you †¦I will give shepherds after my own heart, who will lead with you with knowledge and understanding †¦Return faithless people, I will cure you of your backsliding. (Jeremiah, 3:12, 14, 15, 22) God expresses his love for his people through the prophets. Through Jeremiah, He says, â€Å"Is not Ephraim my dear son, the child in whom I delight? Though I often speak against him, I still remember him. There fore my heart yearns for him, I have great compassion for him†. 19 Here we see the mind of God. Though the chosen nation has sinned and estranged from God, loosing the fellowship, God’s heart yearns for them and God longs to re establish the fellowship– the relationship.   15. Jeremiah, 2:5 16. Jeremiah, 2:13 17. Jeremiah, 2:32 18. Jeremiah, 4:22 19. Jeremiah, 31:20 God’s agony for the estranged people is depicted in the writings of Prophet Hosea, My people are determined to turn from me. †¦ How can I give up you Ephraim? How can I hand you over, Israel? †¦My heart is changed within me; all my compassion is aroused. I will not carry out my fierce anger, nor will I turn and devastate Ephraim. For I am God, and not man- the Holy one among you. ( Hosea, 11: 7-9) Here we see, God says he is among his people, but his people turn from him; but still God is compassionate and agonized. God promises through Prophet Jeremiah, making new covenant, forgiving their wicked ness and making them His People. â€Å"†¦ I will put my law in their minds and write in their hearts. I will be their God and they will be my people. †¦ for I will forgive their wickedness and will remember their sins no more. † 20 Here we see fellow ship with God is re established when sins are for given. The new covenant foresees a conversion in the mind of God’s people. The new covenant is best expressed by prophet Isaiah in Chapter 53, which talks of the Redeemer suffering for the sins of his people. Isaiah states, Surely he took up our infirmities and carried our sorrows †¦ But he was pierced for our transgressions, he was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was upon him. †¦the Lord has laid on him the iniquity of us all †¦ he was cut off from the land of the living; for the transgression of my people he was stricken. (Isaiah, 53: 4-8) The Redeemer took all the iniquities and bore all the punishment to bring forgiveness and restoring the peace and relation ship with the Godhead for his people. Fellowship with God is possible only when the sins are forgiven and when similar characteristics exist among all. The fulfillment of Prophecy and the advent of Jesus. At the appointed time, the eternal Son of God took the form of humanity and was born of Virgin Mary according to the scriptures   20. Jeremiah, 31:33, 34 . and with the fulfillment of prophecy. Gospel according to Mathew records the statement of the angel, She will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins†¦. All this took place to fulfill what the Lord had said through the prophet: ‘The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and they will call him Immanuel’ which means, ‘God with us. ’ (Mathew, 1: 21-23) Here we see, â€Å"Jesus will save his people from their sins, and â€Å"they will call him Immanuel, which means God with us –God dwells amongst us. The second God head of the Trinity has assumed permanently the human nature so that He will dwell among the humans, and he will forgive their sins and justify them as sinless. This is the essence of the Gospel. Because of the advent of Christ Jesus, fellowship with humans is established. The teachings of Jesus. The Jews- Pharisees taught the Old testament scriptures scrupulously, leaving the essence of the scriptures. Jesus taught the scripture truths effectively using parables driving the central, deep, and spiritual points of the truth. Apart from the ethical teachings contained in the sermon of the mount, Jesus taught his disciples how to do the will of God effectively, â€Å"The work of God is this: to believe in the one he has sent. † 21 In essence believing in the son of God is the work pleasing to God. The Gospel truth is well given in the words of Jesus, â€Å"to all who received him, to those who believed in his name, he gave the right to become children of God,†22 and â€Å"God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. †23 The sole requirement of salvation on the part of men is to believe in the Name (Person) of Jesus and receive him. 1 John 6: 29 22 John 1: 12 23 John 3: 16 Abiding in Christ. Jesus explains the importance of abiding with him in Gospel according to John Chapter, 15. Here we see fellow ship between Jesus and the believer is compared to the vine tree and the branches. Only when the branch remain in the tree it can be alive and give fruits. Apart from the tree the branch itself cannot give fruits. So if we are in fellowship with Jesus and Jesus in us, we will be fruitful. And God will be glorified because of our good fruits. 24 The fellowship entails giving good fruits for the glory of God. We may compare and contrast this with God’s question in the prophecy of Jeremiah, â€Å"I had planted you like a choice vine of sound and reliable stock. How then did you turn against me into a corrupt, wild vine? †25 God planted Israel as a good vine tree expecting good fruit, but it turned into a corrupt and wild vine. The reason for this unfruitfulness is the non abiding nature of the nation Israel. What is the fruit Jesus is talking about? Jesus explicitly says to obey his commands, the chief command being the command to love each other as Jesus has loved us, â€Å"My command is this: Love each other as I have loved you. †26 Jesus has taught that love is the fulfillment of Law and Prophecies. Jesus has summarized the law as, 1). Loving God whole heartedly and 2) loving the neighbor as oneself. 27 Fellow ship and Church assembly. Jesus promises to be with us where ever two or three come together in his name, â€Å"where two or three come together in my name, there am I with them. †28 This denotes the fellowship – Koinonia between the believers and the Savior. The criteria required are, 1) gathering in His name, 2) togetherness- oneness of mind. 24 John 15: 1-8. 25 Jeremiah 2: 21 26 John 15: 12 27 Mark 12: 30,31 28 Mathew 18: 20 Fellowship and Missions. Jesus promises to be with us always to the end of the age, â€Å"†¦ and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age. † 29 This promise is given at the great commission denoting the fellowship of the savior is assured for the carrying out of the great commission. The fellowship has a definite purpose, doing the will of God, partaking in his plan of salvation taking the Gospel message to the un reached. Fellowship- Koinonia has a definite Missionary perspective. Fellowship and interpersonal relationship. Jesus gave importance for both the vertical relation ship- relation ship between the person and God and the horizontal relation ship- the person and his neighbor. We see this concept in many of his parables. A beautiful example of the God’s requirement of fellow ship- Koinonia is given in the parable of prodigal son. 30 Here we see the second son went away from the fellowship of his father and his brother and lived a sinful life, wasting all his resources and finally repented and returned to his father. But the loving father was all along waiting for his return and received him whole heartedly and restored him his son ship, and there was joy and celebration in the house hold. But the elder son could not digest this. He could not forgive his brother and was arguing with his father. The father admonished him and states, â€Å"†¦ we had to celebrate and be glad, because this brother of yours was dead and is alive again he was lost and is found. † 31 This parable tells the mind of God. He wants all to be saved and wants his people to cooperate with him in saving people. Thus Koinonia results in gladness. Jesus, in his high priestly prayer prayed to the Father, â€Å"†¦that they may be one as we are one: I in them and you in me. May they be brought to complete unity to let the world know   29 Mathew 28:20 30 Luke 15: 12-32 31 Luke 15: 32 that you send me †¦Ã¢â‚¬ 32 Fellowship – Koinonia as envisaged by Jesus is complete unity, unity in purpose, action, witness, and partnering with Christ in carrying out God’s will of saving people. The birth of the Church is in direct answer to this High priestly prayer of Jesus. The birth of the Church. Church is not a mere organization involving Christians. Church is the mystical body of Christ for carrying out the plan of God in saving the nations. Augustine affirmed that â€Å"Church is the mystical body of Christ whose principle or unity is that it is a fellowship of love. † 33 Church is the body of Christ, in that through the Spirit Christ is ruling inspiring, sustaining and uniting power in the church. †¦ It is the presence and working of the Holy Spirit which makes church the body of Christ. † 34 In Acts, we see â€Å"†¦ the Lord added to their numbers daily those who were being saved. † 35 So it is clear, Church is the making of God. In the spiritual sense there is only one Church – Church Universal, spiritual, and invisible. But practically we see many denominations- big and small. These are all local assemblies, practicing Christians. The one universal, Spiritual, holy, apostolic, and catholic church comprises of members from all local assemblies, big or small, from all parts of the earth, with out any difference of race or culture or language. Fellowship among Christians Christians have fellow ship with the father, Son and Holy Spirit and with one another. Possession of the Spirit is the decisive mark of being a Christian. 36 The fellowship with God leads one to fellowship with fellow believers, because â€Å"God has poured out his love into our hearts by 32 John 17: 22-23 33 Owen C. Thomas p 233 34 Owen C. Thomas p 231 35 Acts 2: 47 , 36 Owen C. Thomas p 231 the Holy Spirit. † 37 A. Nygren argues in his book Agape and Eros â€Å"The fundamental theme of Christian faith and life is Agape, God’s love for humanity in Christ and in response humanity’s love for their neighbors. † 38 Surely there exists Koinonia between true believers, what ever be the denominational difference among them. The one sign of the universal Koinonia is the existence of un explainable love towards the fellow Christian of any denomination. The absence of this love is a clear proof of heretical leanings. Koinonia – Fellow ship is the mark of any Christian assembly. The fellowship characteristics expected out of any Christian assembly as listed out in Unger’s Bible dictionary, â€Å"Confession of faults to one another with prayer, James 5:16 . Assembly with exhortation and provoking to love and good works. Hebrews 10: 24, 25. Partaking of Lord’s supper. I. Corinthians11:24, 25. Ministering to the Saints: Acts11:29, Romans 12:13, 15: 25, I Cor. 16:1, 2. II Cor. 8:4, Heb: 13:16. Bearing infirmities of the week and edification, Rom: 15:1. Love for and fellowship with one another is necessary as an evidence to love of God. I John 4:12. Christ prayed that his people might have fellow ship with each other. Fellowship with God is essential to fruitfulness. Jn15:4†. (Unger’s Bible Dictionary 1983, 349) On a look of the early Christian Church, one can easily find the marks of Koinonia among Believers. We see in Acts 2:42, â€Å"They devoted themselves to Apostolic teaching, Breaking of bread- meaning partaking in Lord’s supper, Prayer, being together, had every thing in common, selling their possessions and giving to the needy, glad and sincere, and praising God†. The immediate effect of the Koinonia among the early Christians was that the other people came to know of this and filled with awe favoring the believers and the Church began to grow as God was adding the new converts. 37 Romans 5:5 38 Owen C. Thomas p 265 It is not out of context to quote a famous Tamil Evangelist, N. Jeevanandam regarding the Christian fellowship. While he was giving a message on Christian unity and love, narrated a vision that he had. While he was praying, he in his vision, was taken to Hell by an angel. There he saw all in pandemonium. There was a dining table and there were food available on it. People surrounded the dining table and were very hungry and desirous of eating. But they were unable to eat as their hands were stiff and they could not take the food to their mouth. After struggling for some time they got restless and started cursing each other for their plight, accusing one another and were hitting each other. There was utter pandemonium. At the next vision, the angel took him to Heaven. He was taken to a dining room, and the dining table was full of eatables. People came to the dining table and they were all in joy full mood, and started praising God. On closely looking on them, the evangelist found out that these people also could not bend their elbow. But they all started to eat, praising God. They started feeding one another with their stiff hands with out any difficulty, patting each other. They all cooperated with each other, there was happiness and praising. The message is simple- by helping others one fulfills the Royal law, ‘love your neighbor as your self’ 39. The new law of love cares for one another, honors, accepts, serves, and encourages others. God, as a father wants His children to live at peace and harmony with each other. St Paul Teaches in his epistles, If you have any encouragement from being united with Christ, if any comfort from his love, if any fellowship with the Spirit, if any tenderness and compassion, then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and purpose. Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit, but in humility consider others better than yourselves. 4Each of you should look not only to your own interests, but also to the interests of others. Your attitude should be the same as that of Christ Jesus. (Philippians 2:1-5) __________________ 39 James 2: 8 Biblical rationale for small groups We have seen the Church is a Spiritual entity and God is the author of it, it is catholic-means universal, and invisible. The local Christian assemblies, big or small, are all part of the Spiritual Church. God only knows who all part of the Church are. The one and only qualification needed on the part of the believer to be a part of this Church is faith in Jesus – the shed blood of Jesus Christ effecting â€Å"Justification by faith†. Salvation is free and is of the Grace of God. Having justified freely, the believer gratefully obeys the Lord, and is in spiritual union with the Savior, participating with Christ and fellow believers in carrying out the will of God, with the ultimate goal of glorifying God. The chief end of Koinonia is the glorification God, through worship acceptable and work fruitful. As long as these criteria are met, there is no problem with the size of the congregation, whether big or small. There is often difficulty on the part of one Church group in practicing Koinonia with another group, because of doctrinal differences. It is human to cast doubt about other side. It takes maturity to understand and acknowledge other groups. We find a beautiful example in the life of Moses. The people of Israel were murmuring and complaining against God and Moses. Moses was much grieved and he prayed to God that he can not take the burden of leading the people single handed and wanted God to take him away. But God told Moses to gather 70 elders so that he will put the Spirit on them and so did Moses. God sent the Spirit to all the seventy elders and when the Spirit came, all of them prophesied. But of the seventy, two elders – Eldad and Medad were not in the company of Moses but were in the camp and they had also prophesied. Coming to know of this, Joshua asked Moses to stop them. Moses replied, â€Å"Are you jealous for my sake? I wish that all the LORDs people were prophets and that the LORD would put his Spirit on them! † 40 Here we see a beautiful example of leadership, magnanimity and tolerance on the part of Moses. Joshua, out of loyalty towards Moses, wanted others, who are not in the company of Moses, to be derecognized. But Moses wants all the people to be prophets like him whether they are in his company or not. We see another similar instance in New Testament. John tried to stop another man who was driving out demons in the Name of Jesus, reasoning that he is not of their company. But Jesus said, â€Å"Do not stop him, for whoever is not against you is for you†. 42 Group loyalties should give way to loyalty towards God. Koinonia should be manifested universally, with out any local loyalty. Heresy and Cults. Another aspect we have to consider regarding small groups is the Doctrinal Purity. Through out the church history, one can find heretical movements. There is a danger of development of heretical tendencies in small groups. , distorting the Gospel message as taught by Christ and Apostles. The leaders of the small groups may introduce novel doctrines by giving false interpretations of the Bible passages, even to the extent of denying the Lord who has bought them with his blood. The modus operandi of these leaders is to introduce novelty to attract more people. Their motive is aggrandizing themselves. This problem is existing even from N. T. period. Jesus and the Apostles have warned of these people. 43 Numbers 11:29 42 Luke 9:49,50 43 Mt 24:5, 11,24; Acts 20:40; Rom 16: 17,18; 2 Peter 2:1-3; 1 Tim 6:3-5 Examples of heretics of early Church are, Montanists, Arians, and Gnostics. Modern day heresy is Jehovah Witness. Cults. Small groups may initially exhibit much cohesiveness and have very close knit fellowship, attracting it’s members to its fold. The members will be totally loyal to the group leader even surpassing loyalty to Christ. These small groups, if with out communion with other Christian communities, may develop into a close circuit community with secret doctrines and dealings. The leader of the cult will exert out right control over the members of the group, almost enslaving them, indoctrinating them, and leading them astray- away from the true doctrine. The leader may even assume superhuman postures, demanding and accepting allegiance more than that is given to Christ who has shed his blood, bought and redeemed them. Then the group will lose its Christian character and outlook, the members will backslide, losing the grace and Joy of Salvation and get separated from the fold of Christ. A few examples of the past decades are, 1). Sun Moon group of South Korea, 2). Jim Jones group of United States of America, and 3) Paul Asir Laurie group of India. So it is always safe and advisable for the small groups to have some form of communion with the established major Church groups. Summary Koinonia – fellowship is a divine attribute, a divine creation, and it is alien to carnal human mind. Koinonia is possible only with the participation of Godhead- the Triune God- God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit, and any show of fellow ship with out God’s presence is only hypocritical exhibit, concealing the selfish human attribute. Koinonia as manifested in the early church is God’s plan for carrying out his will – taking the message of Salvation to all mankind. Koinonia exists in the Church and God is present among his people in the Church- The Church Universal, mystic, spiritual – the body of Christ. The prerequisites of membership in the universal Church for humans are; Justification by faith in Jesus, cleansing of sins by the blood of Christ, and sanctification by Holy Spirit. The love of God is shed abroad in the hearts of members by Holy Spirit and this is the bond of fellowship- Koinonia. The local church groups, big or small, are all part of the universal church. The visible signs of Koinonia in Church groups are: the joyful worship of the Triune God and fellowship with partaking of Holy Eucharist, love and concern for one another, Joy of sharing and caring, helping and lifting the weak, honest and transparent dealing with one another, partaking in the joys and tribulations of one another, taking care of other’s needs, encouraging one another, and considering others better than oneself. BIBLIOGRAPHY Thomas, Owen C. Introduction to Christian Theology. Delhi: ISPCK, 2000. The NIV Study Bible, The Zondervan Corporation, 1985 Unger, Merrill F. Unger’s Bible Dictionary. Chicago: Moody press, 1983,